Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas War
Part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas War and Israeli–Palestinian conflict
DateOctober 7, 2023 (2023-10-07)–present (1 month, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Israel, Palestine
MethodsArrests, administrative detentions, disappearances
StatusOngoing
Parties
Gazan workers in Israel
West Bank Palestinians
Arab–Israelis
Number
4,000–5,000[lower-alpha 1]
Casualties
Death(s)6[lower-alpha 5]

Since the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war on October 7, Israel has carried out mass arrests and detentions of Palestinians, with thousands arrested or detained in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories.[8][1][9][10] News outlets and human rights organizations both within and outside of Israel reported that thousands of Gazan workers in Israel were detained or disappeared in the weeks following October 7.[1][9][11] Additionally, Israel has carried out mass arrests in the occupied West Bank, detained Palestinian fighters captured inside Israel, and arrested Palestinian citizens of Israel.[12][13][14] Concerns have been raised regarding the legality, secrecy, and conditions of many detentions, including widespread mistreatment and allegations of torture.[11][15][16]

On November 3, Israel reportedly deported 3,200 Palestinian workers to the Gaza Strip.[3] In addition to Palestinian prisoners in custody prior to the outbreak of the war, an unknown number of individuals remain in detention.[11][16]

Background

Incarceration of Palestinians by Israel

Since 1967, one million Palestinians have been arrested by Israel.[17] In July 2023, the United Nations Human Rights Office reported that 5,000 Palestinians (including 160 minors) were incarcerated in Israeli jails and prisons.[18] Some have been convicted of crimes by Israeli authorities; the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories describes many convictions as resulting from "a litany of violations of international law, including due process violations, that taint the legitimacy of the administration of justice by the occupying power."[19] As of August 2023, 1,200 Palestinians were held without any charges or trial, in a practice referred to as "administrative detention"; Israel justifies the practice on the basis of security.[20][21]

Revocation of work permits

Prior to the outbreak of the war, approximately 19,000 Gazan men over the age of 25 were permitted to work in Israel, predominantly in the agricultural and construction sectors.[1][3] The measure was intended to provide economic opportunities, with the aim of alleviating widespread poverty in the Gaza Strip.[3]

On October 10, the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), a department of Israel's government responsible for administering the work permit program, revoked all work permits previously issued to Gaza residents and stated that "they will not be reinstated".[22] The Israeli government's press office said: "There will be no more Palestinian workers from Gaza. Those workers from Gaza who were in Israel on the day of the outbreak of the war will be returned to Gaza."[16] The suspension of work permits stripped these individuals of their legal status, rendering them "illegal aliens" under Israeli law.[23][24]

Mass arrests, disappearances, and detentions

Israel has arrested over three thousand Palestinians from the West Bank since October 7, and widely imposed administrative detention orders on them, according to local rights groups.[25][26][27][28] According to the Palestinian Commission for Detainees and Ex-Prisoners' Affairs, the number of Palestinians in Israeli prisons had doubled from 5,200 prisoners before October 7 to more than 10,000 prisoners and detainees as of October 24.[26] As of November 23, the Commission placed the number at 8,300, including 3,000 individuals held in administrative detention.[29] By November 28, the IDF stated that the number of Palestinians arrested in the West Bank since the outbreak of the war had reached 2,000; Palestinian lawyers and monitoring groups placed the number at approximately 3,300.[28][7][30]

Palestinians workers from Gaza

On October 23, The Independent reported that "Palestinians with permission to work in Israel were rounded up, arrested and blindfolded before being taken to military camps" following the outbreak of hostilities.[2] According to Dr. Nasri Abu Jaish, Minister of Labour for the Palestinian Authority, 4,500 workers were unaccounted for, but believed to have been detained by Israeli forces, as of that date; the International Labour Organization estimated the number of missing workers at between 4,000 and 5,000.[2] Jacobin and Muhammad Aruri, head of legal affairs for the General Union of Palestinian Workers, placed the number of detainees among this group at 4,000.[1]

COGAT confirmed the detention of an unspecified number of Gazans, but declined to comment on the reasons for the arrests or conditions of detention.[2][31] Amnesty International confirmed that thousands of Gazan workers were detained incommunicado for at least three weeks at two military detention centres in Israel.[11] While several thousand were released, Amnesty stated that "there is no transparency from Israeli authorities" regarding the number of Gazans still in detention.[11]

Palestinians within Gaza

Time reported on November 20 that "the total number of Gazans who have been detained by Israeli forces in recent weeks remains unclear".[32]

On November 15, reports emerged alleging detentions by Israeli forces at Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza.[33][34][35][36] Doctors who spoke to Al Jazeera Arabic, one of the few international outlets able to access sources within the hospital,[33] stated that the detainees were blindfolded and stripped naked.[33][36] Mondoweiss cited Al Jazeera reports that "Israeli forces took captive dozens of displaced people, relatives of patients and the injured", and that the detainees were transferred to undisclosed locations.[36] China Daily, a Chinese state-run media outlet, reported on similar statements by the hospital's director, Mohammed Abu Salmiya, who referred to "dozens" of detentions at the hospital.[37] On November 23 Abu Salmiya was himself arrested by Israeli forces, along with other medics.[38][39] On November 30, the Palestine Red Crescent Society stated that the whereabouts of the head of Khan Younis Emergency Medical Center had been unknown for nine days, following his arrest by Israeli authorities.[40] On 3 December, the Gaza Health Ministry stated 34 medics in Gaza had been detained by Israel.[41]

On November 19, 200 Palestinian men from Gaza were detained by Israel Defense Forces while attempting to evacuate with their families in a southerly direction within the Gaza Strip. The detentions came to light due to the detention of Mosab Abu Toha among the men.[32] The Israeli military detained the men at a checkpoint as they attempted to leave the north of Gaza for the south.[32][42]

Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem

The International Committee of the Red Cross expressed "high concern" regarding "the sharp increase in [the] number of arrests" in the occupied West Bank since October 7.[43] Amnesty International has also criticized the "spike in arbitrary arrests" of Palestinians since October 7.[11] Similarly, the The Wall Street Journal reported that the rate of arrests in the occupied West Bank has "more than doubled" since that date.[44]

On October 17, Al Jazeera reported that nearly 700 people had been arrested in the West Bank and occupied East Jerusalem since the outbreak of the war.[13] By October 28, this number had climbed to 1,550, according to estimates by the Palestinian Prisoners Society.[24] As of October 31, The Globe and Mail reported that Israel had advised the Palestinian Authority of the existence of 1,700 prisoners, but not their whereabouts.[9] On November 6, Al Jazeera reported that 1,740 individuals had been arrested in overnight raids since the outbreak of the war; BBC reported the total number of arrestees at 2,150, according to the Palestinian Prisoners Society.[45][46] The Associated Press placed the number at 2,280 on November 8, citing the Palestinian Prisoners Society; on November 10, The Nation reported that the number was "at least 2,200".[47][48] By November 8, the number of Palestinians held without charge or trial had increased from 1,319 to 2,070 since October 7, according to HaMoked, an Israeli NGO.[11] On November 15, Mondoweiss reported that arrests in the West Bank continued, with 54 Palestinians arrested the previous night in overnight raids.[36] On November 28, the IDF told The Times of Israel that approximately 2,000 West Bank Palestinians had been arrested, while Palestinian monitoring groups reported 3,290 arrests.[7][30] On December 3, the Palestinian Prisoners Society reported 3,480 arrests, while the IDF reported 2,150 as of December 4.[4][5]

Arab–Israelis

On November 5, CNN reported that "dozens" of Palestinian residents and citizens were arrested in Israel for expressions of solidarity with the civilian population of Gaza, sharing Quran verses, or expressing "any support for the Palestinian people".[49] Haaretz described the widespread targeting of Arab Israelis by Israeli security forces.[12] Citing an "emergency coalition" of Israeli lawyers, Al Jazeera placed the number of arrestees at 172 on November 7.[50] Referring to "hundreds" of interrogations, El País reported on November 11 that Israel increasingly treats its Arab minority as a "potential fifth column".[51] As of November 30, 270 Arab–Israelis had been arrested, according to Adalah (an Israeli NGO).[52]

Status of detainees

The Guardian and Al Jazeera reported on November 3 that 3,200 Gazan workers had been deported back to Gaza.[16][3][53] The fate of other Gaza residents working in Israel remains unknown, as Israeli authorities have declined to respond to questions posed by NGOs.[1][11][16] El País reports that 1,000 arrested Gazan workers remained missing as of November 27.[54]

Human rights organizations in Israel have undertaken efforts to secure the release of Palestinian detainees. On October 22, six organizations (HaMoked, Gisha, the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel, Physicians for Human Rights–Israel, Adalah, and the Association for Civil Rights in Israel) petitioned the High Court for a habeas corpus injunction. The petition asked the High Court to order the disclosure of all names and whereabouts of Gaza residents held in Israeli detention facilities, and the release of any person unlawfully detained. The six groups requested that those released be permitted to remain in the West Bank until they are able to return to Gaza.[22]

According to Adalah, the petitioning organizations stated:[23]

To date [i.e., October 24], the Israeli authorities have refused to provide any information about Gaza workers and other residents of the Strip who are apparently being held in detention centers, why or where they are being detained, under what law and for how long.

Along with the High Court petition, Physicians for Human Rights–Israel reported on October 26 that it had contacted "several [international] bodies", including the International Committee of the Red Cross, urging them to "pressure the IPS [Israel Prison Service] and other Israeli security bodies to adhere to the law" in relation to the rights of detainees.[55]

On November 3, the United Nations Human Rights Office stated that two Palestinians arrested since October 7 had died in Israeli custody.[56] According to Israeli authorities, four Palestinians had died in custody as of November 8.[11] By November 21, the total number of deaths in custody had reached six.[7][57] According to the United Nations Human Rights Office, this rate of deaths in Israeli custody has not been seen "in decades".[58]

After reaching the 2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire on November 22, Israel compiled a list of 300 Palestinian prisoners who could be released from custody; Al Jazeera reports that this list only includes individuals arrested prior to October 7.[59][60] However, the Times of Israel reports that 50 Palestinian prisoners were added to the list on November 27, including 25 Arab-Israelis, "almost all" of whom were arrested since October 7.[61] While 240 Palestinians were released during the seven-day truce, Israel arrested 260 others during the same timespan, according to the Palestinian Prisoners Society.[58]

Allegations of torture and mistreatment

Allegations by non-governmental and international organizations

The United Nations Human Rights Office warned that detainees "are reportedly not granted due process and judicial guarantees, as required by international law".[56] OHCHR spokesperson Liz Throssell commented: "We have received credible and consistent reports indicating a further increase in the ill-treatment of detainees, which in many cases could amount to torture."[56]

On December 3, the United Nations Human Rights Office in the occupied Palestinian territories called for an investigation into allegations of torture.[58] In a statement, the Office said: "The massive rise in number of Palestinians arrested and detained, the number of reports of ill-treatment and humiliation suffered by those in custody, and the reported failure to adhere to basic due process raise serious questions about Israel's compliance with international humanitarian law and international human rights law."[58]

On November 8, Amnesty International reported on cases of torture and degrading treatment by Israeli authorities, which it described as "horrifying", "gruesome", and "a particularly chilling public display of torture and humiliation of Palestinian detainees."[11] In relation to the recent spike in detentions, Amnesty's Secretary General, Agnès Callamard, noted that "arbitrary detention and torture and other ill-treatment are war crimes when committed against protected persons in an occupied territory."[62]

In a report to the United Nations General Assembly on October 24, Francesca Albanese, the UN Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories, noted that the failure to notify parents of the whereabouts of their children following an arrest is a violation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and can be considered a forced disappearance.[63] Albanese further noted that transferring civilian populations from occupied territories (i.e. from the West Bank to prisons in Israel) is a war crime.[63]

The International Committee of the Red Cross stated that it was "deeply concerned" about its inability to assess the treatment and conditions of detainees, reporting that detainees are unable to access legal counsel or contact relatives.[43][11]

Adalah referred to "testimony [indicating] that the holding conditions in the detention centres are extremely dire."[23]

The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) petitioned the Israeli High Court of Justice on October 23, seeking cancellation of the directive allowing Israeli authorities to house "security and criminal detainees on the floor in overcrowded conditions during a state of emergency." On October 29, the ACRI reported the petition had been dismissed by the High Court.[64]

Also on October 29, the ACRI reportedly contacted Israel's Attorney General and Police Commissioner, demanding an end to the practice of publishing "humiliating" images of Arab detainees suspected of "expressing support for terrorism". The appeal criticized infringements of the detainees' rights to "dignity, privacy, and due process", stating that the practice was "designed entirely to degrade and humiliate the detainees."[65]

Death of Omar Daraghmeh

On October 23 2023, Omar Daraghmeh, a 58-year-old Hamas official from the city of Tubas in the northern West Bank, died in custody in the Israeli Megiddo Prison.[66][67] He had been arrested by Israeli forces along with his son in the West Bank on October 9. [68][69][70] Hamas called the death of the Daraghmeh in custody an assassination and accused the prison service of torture.[66][71]

The Prisoners and Ex-Prisoners’ Affairs Authority and the Palestinian Prisoners Society said in a joint statement that Daragmeh had been placed under administrative detention—detention without charge or trial—for a period of six months, based on evidence contained in a "secret file".[66][72] In court sessions before the Ofer Military Court, Daraghmeh had told his lawyer, Ashraf Abu Sneineh, that he was in good health.[66][72] Hundreds of Palestinians protested in Tubas in reaction to news of Daraghmeh's death.[66][71][73]

News reports and allegations by detainees

Ofer Prison, where an unknown number of detainees are reportedly incarcerated

The Globe and Mail also reported on the death of another Palestinian detainee, Arafat Hamdan.[9] In the case of Hamdan, a 25-year-old house painter with diabetes and heart disease, Israeli soldiers reportedly entered his home, hooded him, and took him away. Hamdan reportedly died 48 hours later, having not received necessary medication.[9][55]

NBC News and The Times of Israel reported on several videos depicting Israeli troops (apparently IDF) "abusing bound and blindfolded Palestinian detainees";[15] the IDF issued a series of statements in response, condemning the abuse as "deplorable" and stating that the incident was under investigation.[74] One video depicts soldiers kicking a bound man, verbally abusing him in Arabic and Hebrew, and spitting on him; another video shows Israeli soldiers brutalizing partially and completely naked Palestinian detainees.[15][74] As of November 1, one soldier was dismissed from reserve service as a consequence.[74]

Palestinian detainees have stated that they were "subjected to severe abuse and beatings" in Israeli detention,[72] including during their transfer to court or the rooms for remotely attending hearings.[66][72] According to Reuters, detainees reported being threatened with rape by guards.[58]

In a written statement obtained by Al Jazeera, one of the detainees arrested on October 8 told HaMoked that he was "kept in a 'cage' without a roof, under the sun and without food, water or access to the toilet for three days."[24]

Another detainee, a cleaner in his 60s, spoke to The Independent on the condition of anonymity, describing "humiliating" treatment, including being blindfolded with his hands and feet tied, while Israeli authorities called the detainees "Hamas" and "terrorists". He described beatings and the refusal of authorities to provide medication, food, and water to detainees, including the elderly and those with diabetes.[2]

Zaki Salameh, a 55-year-old builder, told Al Jazeera that he had been transported to Ofer Prison, on the outskirts of Ramallah in the occupied West Bank, following his arrest. He stated that he and other detainees had been tortured for several days, as part of an interrogation by Israeli authorities.[16]

Snopes confirmed that detained Gazan workers were forced to wear plastic ID tags around their wrists and ankles.[75]

Incommunicado detention of militants

On October 25, the ACRI appealed to the Chief Military Prosecutor and the State Prosecutor for assurances that the families of captured militants would be notified of their detention.[14] While the ACRI acknowledged a clear "legal basis to detain any Gaza Strip militant captured" in Israel since October 7, they noted Israel's "obligation to inform someone close to them about their arrest—both according to Israeli law and international law." The letter refers to Israel's Criminal Procedure Law, Article 106 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and the 1989 High Court decision in Uda v. Commander of the IDF forces in the Judea and Samaria region.[14]

Prominent detainees

Artists, activists, and entertainers

Damon Prison, where Ahed Tamimi was held

Ahed Tamimi

On November 6, reports emerged that Israeli authorities had arrested prominent Palestinian activist Ahed Tamimi, during a wave of overnight raids and arrests on November 5-6 in which 70 Palestinians were detained.[44][45][46][76] According to an IDF spokesperson, Tamimi was arrested on suspicion of "inciting violence and calling for terrorist activity to be carried out".[76][45] Her father had been arrested by Israeli forces one week prior, and is being held in an undisclosed location.[45] PEN International, an NGO that advocates for freedom of expression, confirmed that Tamimi was being held at Damon Prison, near Haifa, and called on Israel to release her immediately.[77][78] As of November 27, Tamimi was being held incommunicado and without charge or trial; Israel had taken steps to transfer her to indefinite administrative detention.[28] She and her lawyer had been unable to review the evidence against her.[28] On November 29, Tamimi was released under the temporary truce between Israel and Hamas.[79]

Mosab Abu Toha

Mosab Abu Toha, a celebrated Palestinian poet,[80] was arrested at gunpoint while attempting to evacuate with his family. Abu Toha, whose son is an American citizen, was told by American officials that they would be able to cross into Egypt through the Rafah Border Crossing.[81]According to Diana Buttu, a Palestinian-Canadian lawyer working with his family, Abu Toha had been sent for by the US embassy.[82] Conveying an account from Abu Toha's wife, Buttu told Time: “He was forced to put his son down... They were all forced to walk with their hands raised in the air. He raised his arms in the air … [and he and] around 200 others were taken out of this line and abducted. They have not heard from him since.”[82] Abu Toha was a contributor to The New Yorker, which reported on November 20 that his whereabouts are unknown.[83] Literary Hub referred to his detention as a kidnapping by the IDF.[84] On 21 November, Democracy Now! reported that Abu Toha had been released after being taken to an Israeli prison in the Negev and beaten, according to a statement from Buttu.[85]

Mohand Taha

Mohand Taha, a stand-up comedian and influencer from Lower Galilee, spoke to Haaretz in relation to his arrest by "20 police officers" after posting an Instagram story in solidarity with Gaza residents. He stated that authorities wanted to transfer him to Migiddo Prison, but that he was released from custody after two days following interventions by his lawyer.[12]

Arab-Israeli politicians

On November 9, four Arab-Israeli former lawmakers were detained.[86][87] Mohammad Barakeh, chairman of the Higher Arab Monitoring Committee and a former Knesset member from the Hadash party, was detained for questioning, followed by three former Knesset members from the Balad party: Haneen Zoabi, Sami Abu Shehadeh, and Mtanes Shehadeh.[86][87] Balad director general Yousef Tatur was also detained.[86][87] Tatur and the former lawmakers were accused of planning a protest in Nazareth, with an expected attendance of around 50 people or fewer.[86][87] Israeli authorities alleged that the demonstration was "liable to lead to incitement and harm public peace, in violation of police directives”; the ACRI described the detentions as “a new and dangerous expression of the government’s unrestrained scathing attack on Arab society in general and its leadership in particular."[86] Zoabi spent more than seven hours at the Migdal HaEmek police station, in Galilee, although she states that the interrogation lasted only 15 minutes.[51]

Journalists

The Committee to Protect Journalists reported that nine Palestinian journalists have been arrested or detained as of November 6. By December 1, the number had risen to 19.[88]

Analysis

Israeli authorities and media outlets have justified the mass detentions as a counterterrorism measure or a response to violence.[89][90][91] The Times of Israel has sent reporters to join IDF reservist battalions during overnight raids in the West Bank, describing the arrests as quelling a potential front in the ongoing war.[30] The IDF stated it had arrested 2,000 West Bank Palestinians as of November 29, including 1,100 it alleged were "affiliated with" Hamas.[30]

Reuters notes that prisons are overseen by Israel's far-right Minister of National Security, Itamar Ben-Gvir, "who has long advocated for a crackdown on Palestinian prisoners", and has expressed support for a bill providing for the execution of militants.[8]

Several of the human rights organizations listed above describe the revocation of work permits and the detention of Palestinian workers as a form of retaliation by Israel for the October 7 attack by Hamas and the capture of Israeli citizens by Palestinian armed groups.[23][22][92] Al Jazeera referred to social media commentary comparing the reported abuse to the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal.[93]

Reactions

Russian Permanent Representative to the United Nations Vasily Nebenzya stated that the situation in the West Bank deserved close scrutiny by the Security Council, specifically citing "arbitrary arrests" by Israel.[94]

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk referred to daily “violence from Israeli forces and settlers, ill treatment, arrests, evictions, intimidation and humiliation” in the West Bank, and called on Israeli authorities to respect Palestinian rights.[95] On December 1, the UN Human Rights Office expressed serious concern regarding the dramatic rise in arrests.[58] In a statement, Türk called for "an end to practices of arbitrary detention by Israel".[96]

In response to a question posed at a meeting of NATO Ministers of Foreign Affairs on November 29, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Mélanie Joly stated that "arrestations [sic] must be done according to the rule of law and international law", while calling for condemnation of and an end to "violence".[97]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ of whom 3,200 were released on November 3[1][2][3]
  2. ↑ as of December 4, per IDF[4]
  3. ↑ as of December 3, per Palestinian Prisoners Society[5]
  4. ↑ as of November 30, per Adalah[6]
  5. ↑ as of November 27[7]

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Thousands of Gazans missing in Israel as workers 'rounded up and blindfolded'". The Independent. October 23, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 McKernan, Bethan; Carroll, Rory (November 3, 2023). "Israel deports thousands of stranded Palestinian workers back to Gaza". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  4. 1 2 "Israel's security forces report 2 killed, 29 arrested in West Bank raid". i24news. December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  5. 1 2 "معطيات أساسية لحملات الاعتقال بعد السابع من أكتوبر حتى تاريخ اليوم 3/12/2023 (Basic Data for the Arrest Campaigns After October 7th Until Today, 12/3/2023)". Palestinian Prisoners Society (in Arabic). December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  6. ↑ "Wartime Israel shows little tolerance for Palestinian dissent". AP News. November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Tahhan, Zena Al. "Israel arrests almost as many Palestinians as it has released during truce". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  8. 1 2 Sawafta, Ali; Chacar, Henriette (November 18, 2023). "West Bank Palestinians report Israeli beatings, mistreatment". Reuters. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Since start of war, more than 1,700 Palestinians in the West Bank have disappeared into Israeli custody, officials say". The Globe and Mail. October 30, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  10. ↑ Abdel-Baqui, Omar (November 5, 2023). "Israel Steps Up Arrests in the West Bank in Wake of Hamas Attacks". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests". Amnesty International. November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 "'Systematic Witch Hunt:' What Persecution of Arab-Israelis Looks Like Amid Gaza War". Haaretz. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  13. 1 2 "Mass arrests of Palestinians in occupied West Bank". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 ACRI (October 31, 2023). "To Inform the Relatives of Detained Terrorists | Association for Civil Rights in Israel". ACRI - english. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
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  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Amer, Ruwaida. "'Tortured, arrested and insulted', say workers returned to Gaza by Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Why are so many Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  18. ↑ "Dismantle Israel's carceral regime and "open-air" imprisonment of Palestinians: UN expert". United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner - Press Releases. July 10, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Special Rapporteur Says Israel's Unlawful Carceral Practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Are Tantamount to International Crimes and Have Turned it into an Open-Air Prison". United Nations Human Rights Council - News. July 10, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  20. ↑ "Israel holds over 1,200 detainees without charge. That's the most in 3 decades, a rights group says". ABC News. August 1, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  21. ↑ "Israel formally declares war, approves 'significant' steps to retaliate for Hamas attack". CBC News. October 8, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 "Six human rights organizations in High Court petition against secret and illegal detention of thousands of Palestinian permit-holders from Gaza". HaMoked (Centre for the Defence of the Individual). October 23, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Thousands of Palestinian permit-holders from Gaza are being held in Israel secretly and illegally - Adalah". www.adalah.org. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 Marsi, Federica; Gostoli, Ylenia. "Israel secretly detaining thousands of missing Gaza workers: Rights groups". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests". Amnesty International. November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  26. 1 2 "'Operation Al-Aqsa Flood' Day 18: Palestinian prisoner dies in Israeli custody; 32 health centers in Gaza forced out of service". Mondoweiss.
  27. ↑ "Israel releases Palestinian women and children prisoners under Hamas deal". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Patil, Anushka (November 27, 2023). "A Palestinian Author, Ahed Tamimi, Faces Indefinite Detention After Hearing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  29. ↑ Salman, Abeer; Elbagir, Nima; Arvantidis, Barbara; Platt, Alex; Ebrahim, Nadeen (November 22, 2023). "Who are the Palestinian prisoners on Israel's list for potential release?". CNN. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Fabian, Emanuel (November 29, 2023). "Amid Gaza war, IDF steps up West Bank raids to quell potential additional front". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  31. ↑ Berger, Miriam (October 18, 2023). "For Gazan workers stranded in Israel, being apart from family is agony". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  32. 1 2 3 "Gaza-Based Poet Mosab Abu Toha Was Worried About Becoming Another Statistic in the News. Now He's Among Palestinians Israel's Arrested". Time.
  33. 1 2 3 "'Horror and bullets': Israeli forces storm al-Shifa hospital where thousands seeking refuge". Middle East Eye. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  34. ↑ Staff, Al Jazeera. "'Terror' amid Israel's raid on Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Hundreds leave Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza as Israeli forces take control of facility - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  36. 1 2 3 4 "'Operation Al-Aqsa Flood' Day 40: Israeli forces storm Al-Shifa Hospital, strip-naked and arrest people inside". Mondoweiss. November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  37. ↑ 杜娟. "Israeli army raids Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital despite intl calls for cease-fire". global.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  38. ↑ "Israeli army arrests al-Shifa Hospital director, other doctors in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  39. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (November 23, 2023). "Israel arrests Gaza hospital director and bombs 300 targets amid truce delay". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  40. ↑ "PRCS demands Israeli authorities release medical staff". Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  41. ↑ "'Hospitals are helpless': 34 medics detained by Israel". Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  42. ↑ Borger, Julian (November 20, 2023). "Palestinian poet Mosab Abu Toha arrested by Israelis in Gaza, family says". The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  43. 1 2 "Israel and the Occupied Territories: Rising violence in the West Bank may have irreversible consequences for communities". International Committee of the Red Cross. October 31, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  44. 1 2 "Ahed Tamimi: Palestinian activist detained in West Bank crackdown". France 24. November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "Israel arrests Palestinian activist Ahed Tamimi in occupied West Bank raids". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  46. 1 2 "Ahed Tamimi: Israeli forces arrest Palestinian activist in West Bank". BBC News. November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  47. ↑ Frankel, Julia (November 8, 2023). "The family of a Palestinian activist jailed for incitement says young woman's account was hacked". AP News. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  48. ↑ Nimer, Fathi (November 10, 2023). "The West Bank Is the Unseen Second Front of Israel's War on Gaza". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
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