Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/bạl

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Original meaning must have been some sort of viscous liquid, see potential cognates *balčïk (“mud”) and *bālïk (“fish”) for more.

Noun

*bạl

honey

Declension

Declension of *bạl

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*bạl
Accusative	bạlnï, bạlïg ⁴⁾, *bạlnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*bạlnïŋ
Dative	*bạlka
Locative	*bạlta
Ablative	*bạltan
Allative	*bạlgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*bạlïn
Equative ²⁾	*bạlča
Similative ²⁾	*bạllayu
Comitative ²⁾	*bạllïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

→? Proto-Mongolic: *bal
- Mongolian: бал (bal)
Oghur:
- Chuvash: пыл (pyl)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: bal
  - Ottoman Turkish: بال (bal)
    - Gagauz: bal
    - Turkish: bal
- Salar: bal
- Turkmen: bal
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: بال (bal)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: بال
    - Uyghur: بال (bal)
    - Uzbek: bol
Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: bal
  - Karachay-Balkar: бал (bal)
  - Karaim: бал
  - Kumyk: бал (bal)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: бал (bal)
  - Tatar: бал (bal)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: pal
    - Kazakh: бал (bal)
    - Nogai: бал (bal)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: бал (bal)
    - Southern Altai: бал (bal)
Siberian:
- South Siberian:
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: бал (bal)
    - Shor: пал

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bạl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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Foods - yẹ̄miĺčler, yẹ̄miĺčsāyïn
Barley	barley: *arpa	Pea	beans, peas: *burčak	Wheat	farro, wheat: *bugday
Jujube	jujube: *yidge	Strawberry	strawberry: *yidgelek	Apple	apple: *almïla
Hazelnuts	hazelnut: *bōńurï	Walnuts	walnut: *yaŋgak	Honey	honey: *bạl
Millet	millet: *tạrïg	Onion	onion: *sōgun	Salt	salt: *tūŕ
Egg	egg: *yumurtka	Butter	butter: *yāg	Mushroom	mushroom: *kömbe
Radish	radish: turp, turma	Carrot	carrot: *turma