< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xolkъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Unclear:
- Native origin has been hypothesized (by Miklošič, Sobolevsky) on the basis of internal similarity with Proto-Slavic *xolstъ (“single”), *xolpъ (“youngling, brat; serf”), *paxolъ (“servant”), possibly *xoliti (“to tend”) and/or *oxolьje (“affluence”). Trubačev (ESSJa) tentatively derives them from a common *xol- + *-kъ, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ksel- (“to scrape”). For the k-extension, compare *di-kъ, *per-kъ, etc.
- Uhlenbeck suggests a possible borrowing from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (halks, “vain, futile”), which has been dismissed by Lehmann.
Declension
Indefinite declension of *xolkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xolkъ | *xolka | *xolko |
| genitive | *xolka | *xolky | *xolka |
| dative | *xolku | *xolcě | *xolku |
| accusative | *xolkъ | *xolkǫ | *xolko |
| instrumental | *xolkomь | *xolkojǫ | *xolkomь |
| locative | *xolcě | *xolcě | *xolcě |
| vocative | *xolče | *xolko | *xolko |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xolka | *xolcě | *xolcě |
| genitive | *xolku | *xolku | *xolku |
| dative | *xolkoma | *xolkama | *xolkoma |
| accusative | *xolka | *xolcě | *xolcě |
| instrumental | *xolkoma | *xolkama | *xolkoma |
| locative | *xolku | *xolku | *xolku |
| vocative | *xolka | *xolcě | *xolcě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xolci | *xolky | *xolka |
| genitive | *xolkъ | *xolkъ | *xolkъ |
| dative | *xolkomъ | *xolkamъ | *xolkomъ |
| accusative | *xolky | *xolky | *xolka |
| instrumental | *xolky | *xolkami | *xolky |
| locative | *xolcěxъ | *xolkaxъ | *xolcěxъ |
| vocative | *xolci | *xolky | *xolka |
Definite declension of *xolkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xolkъjь | *xolkaja | *xolkoje |
| genitive | *xolkajego | *xolkyję̇ | *xolkajego |
| dative | *xolkujemu | *xolcěji | *xolkujemu |
| accusative | *xolkъjь | *xolkǫjǫ | *xolkoje |
| instrumental | *xolkyjimь | *xolkǫjǫ | *xolkyjimь |
| locative | *xolcějemь | *xolcěji | *xolcějemь |
| vocative | *xolkъjь | *xolkaja | *xolkoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xolkaja | *xolcěji | *xolcěji |
| genitive | *xolkuju | *xolkuju | *xolkuju |
| dative | *xolkyjima | *xolkyjima | *xolkyjima |
| accusative | *xolkaja | *xolcěji | *xolcěji |
| instrumental | *xolkyjima | *xolkyjima | *xolkyjima |
| locative | *xolkuju | *xolkuju | *xolkuju |
| vocative | *xolkaja | *xolcěji | *xolcěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xolciji | *xolkyję̇ | *xolkaja |
| genitive | *xolkъjixъ | *xolkъjixъ | *xolkъjixъ |
| dative | *xolkyjimъ | *xolkyjimъ | *xolkyjimъ |
| accusative | *xolkyję̇ | *xolkyję̇ | *xolkaja |
| instrumental | *xolkyjimi | *xolkyjimi | *xolkyjimi |
| locative | *xolkyjixъ | *xolkyjixъ | *xolkyjixъ |
| vocative | *xolciji | *xolkyję̇ | *xolkaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: холокъ (xolokŭ) (11ᵗʰ c.)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic script: хлакъ (xlakŭ)
- Glagolitic script: ⱈⰾⰰⰽⱏ (xlakŭ)
- Old Church Slavonic:
References
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xolkъjъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 61
Further reading
- Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986) “H32. halks”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 174
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