< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/krǫtъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Balto-Slavic *krantás (“sheer, precipitous”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, to crook”) + *-ǫtъ. Substantivized as Lithuanian krañtas (“bank, shore”), dial. Latvian krañts (“edge, bank”) within Baltic (cf. derivative Old East Slavic крꙋча (kruča, “steep, precipice”) < *krǫťa).

Adjective

*krǫ̑tъ[1][2][3]

  1. winding, steep, abrupt (of shape)
    Synonyms: *prikrъ, *strьmъ
  2. (by abstraction) severe, harsh (of condition)

Declension
Indefinite declension of *krǫtъ (hard, accent paradigm c)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *krǫtъ *krǫta *krǫto
genitive *krǫta *krǫty *krǫta
dative *krǫtu *krǫtě *krǫtu
accusative *krǫtъ *krǫtǫ *krǫto
instrumental *krǫtomь *krǫtojǫ *krǫtomь
locative *krǫtě *krǫtě *krǫtě
vocative *krǫte *krǫto *krǫto
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *krǫta *krǫtě *krǫtě
genitive *krǫtu *krǫtu *krǫtu
dative *krǫtoma *krǫtama *krǫtoma
accusative *krǫta *krǫtě *krǫtě
instrumental *krǫtoma *krǫtama *krǫtoma
locative *krǫtu *krǫtu *krǫtu
vocative *krǫta *krǫtě *krǫtě
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *krǫti *krǫty *krǫta
genitive *krǫtъ *krǫtъ *krǫtъ
dative *krǫtomъ *krǫtamъ *krǫtomъ
accusative *krǫty *krǫty *krǫta
instrumental *krǫty *krǫtami *krǫty
locative *krǫtěxъ *krǫtaxъ *krǫtěxъ
vocative *krǫti *krǫty *krǫta
Definite declension of *krǫtъ (hard, accent paradigm c)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *krǫtъjь *krǫtaja *krǫtoje
genitive *krǫtajego *krǫtyję̇ *krǫtajego
dative *krǫtujemu *krǫtěji *krǫtujemu
accusative *krǫtъjь *krǫtǫjǫ *krǫtoje
instrumental *krǫtyjimь *krǫtǫjǫ *krǫtyjimь
locative *krǫtějemь *krǫtěji *krǫtějemь
vocative *krǫtъjь *krǫtaja *krǫtoje
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *krǫtaja *krǫtěji *krǫtěji
genitive *krǫtuju *krǫtuju *krǫtuju
dative *krǫtyjima *krǫtyjima *krǫtyjima
accusative *krǫtaja *krǫtěji *krǫtěji
instrumental *krǫtyjima *krǫtyjima *krǫtyjima
locative *krǫtuju *krǫtuju *krǫtuju
vocative *krǫtaja *krǫtěji *krǫtěji
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *krǫtiji *krǫtyję̇ *krǫtaja
genitive *krǫtъjixъ *krǫtъjixъ *krǫtъjixъ
dative *krǫtyjimъ *krǫtyjimъ *krǫtyjimъ
accusative *krǫtyję̇ *krǫtyję̇ *krǫtaja
instrumental *krǫtyjimi *krǫtyjimi *krǫtyjimi
locative *krǫtyjixъ *krǫtyjixъ *krǫtyjixъ
vocative *krǫtiji *krǫtyję̇ *krǫtaja

Derived terms
  • *krǫtiti (“to turn, to twist”), *krǫtati (“to kink, to crook; to harshen”)
    • *krǫtа (resultant noun)
    • *krǫticа (“kinky structure (forest, decoration, tie)”)
  • *krǫtina, *krǫtizna, *krǫtostь (abstract nouns)
  • *krǫťa (“cliff, steep”) (in East Slavic)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: крꙋтꙑи (krutyi)
      • Middle Russian: крутой (krutoj)
      • Old Ruthenian: крутый (krutyj)[4]
        • Belarusian: круты́ (krutý); круты́й (krutýj) (dialectal)
        • Carpathian Rusyn: круты́й (krutŷ́j)
        • Ukrainian: крути́й (krutýj)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: крѫтъ (krǫtŭ)
      Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⱘⱅⱏ (krǫtŭ)
    • Bulgarian: крут (krut, “sharp, coarse”) (dialectal)
    • Macedonian: крут (krut)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: кру̑т
      Latin script: krȗt
      • → Slovene: krȗt (standard)
    • Slovene: krọ̑t (obsolete)
  • West Slavic:

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “круто́й”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*krǫtъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 33
  • The template Template:R:be:ESBM does not use the parameter(s): 
    url=kruty
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Martynaŭ, V. U., editor (1989), “круты́”, in Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Etymological Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), volumes 5 (ка́яць – ліпя́нка), Minsk: Navuka i technika
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “крут”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 29
  • “krantas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*krǫ̑tъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 252: “adj. o (c)”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001) “krǫtъ krǫta krǫto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c stejl, voldsom (SA 109, 188; PR 138)”
  3. Snoj, Marko (2016) “krut”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *krǫ̑tъ”
  4. The template Template:R:zle-obe:HSBM does not use the parameter(s): 
    url=krutyj
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Bulyka, A. M., editor (1997), “крутый”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 16 (коржъ – лесничанка), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 186
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