< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

The suffix is one of several similar suffixes, namely *-ba, *-da, which formed derivative nouns from verbal or nominal roots. When attached to nouns or adjectives, it got compounded to the primal suffix of the stem, extending it into *-ьdza for i-stem roots or -oga for o-stem roots.

Ultimately, the suffix descends from Proto-Indo-European *-gʰo-, *-gʰeh₂. Encountered in Lithuanian stógas (“build”)[1] = Lithuanian stóti (“to stand”) + -gas and analogous with Proto-Germanic *-gô (e.g. *frauþaz (“jumper”) → *fruþgô (“frog”)).

Suffix 1

*-ga f

  1. Deverbative, forming abstract nouns.
    Synonyms: *-ьba, *-ьda, *-tva, *-ežь
    *strujiti (“to stream”) → *struga (“wave font”)
    *sluti (“to be called, to utter”) → *sluga (“servant”)
    *derti (“to tear”) → *dorga (“road”)
  2. Denominal, forming attributive nouns.
    *gobь (“share, wealth”) → *gobьdzъ (“fortune”), *gobьdza (“abundance”)

Declension
Declension of *-ga (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-ga *-dzě *-gy
genitive *-gy *-gu *-gъ
dative *-dzě *-gama *-gamъ
accusative *-gǫ *-dzě *-gy
instrumental *-gojǫ, *-gǫ** *-gama *-gami
locative *-dzě *-gu *-gasъ, *-gaxъ*
vocative *-go *-dzě *-gy
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms
  • *-gъ m, *-go n
Derived suffixes

Suffix 2

*-gъ

  1. From basic root stems, forming attributional adjectives
    Synonyms: *-bъ, *-dъ
    *dьliti (“to prolong”) → *dьlgъ (“long”)
    *duti (“to blow, to swell”) → *dužь (“strong”) (with yo-declension)
    *dorti (“to peel, to pluck”) → *dorgъ (“dear”)

Declension
Indefinite declension of *-ga (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-gъ *-ga *-go
genitive *-ga *-gy *-ga
dative *-gu *-dzě *-gu
accusative *-gъ *-gǫ *-go
instrumental *-gomь *-gojǫ *-gomь
locative *-dzě *-dzě *-dzě
vocative *-že *-go *-go
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ga *-dzě *-dzě
genitive *-gu *-gu *-gu
dative *-goma *-gama *-goma
accusative *-ga *-dzě *-dzě
instrumental *-goma *-gama *-goma
locative *-gu *-gu *-gu
vocative *-ga *-dzě *-dzě
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-dzi *-gy *-ga
genitive *-gъ *-gъ *-gъ
dative *-gomъ *-gamъ *-gomъ
accusative *-gy *-gy *-ga
instrumental *-gy *-gami *-gy
locative *-dzěxъ *-gaxъ *-dzěxъ
vocative *-dzi *-gy *-ga
Definite declension of *-ga (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-gъjь *-gaja *-goje
genitive *-gajego *-gyję̇ *-gajego
dative *-gujemu *-dzěji *-gujemu
accusative *-gъjь *-gǫjǫ *-goje
instrumental *-gyjimь *-gǫjǫ *-gyjimь
locative *-dzějemь *-dzěji *-dzějemь
vocative *-gъjь *-gaja *-goje
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-gaja *-dzěji *-dzěji
genitive *-guju *-guju *-guju
dative *-gyjima *-gyjima *-gyjima
accusative *-gaja *-dzěji *-dzěji
instrumental *-gyjima *-gyjima *-gyjima
locative *-guju *-guju *-guju
vocative *-gaja *-dzěji *-dzěji
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-dziji *-gyję̇ *-gaja
genitive *-gъjixъ *-gъjixъ *-gъjixъ
dative *-gyjimъ *-gyjimъ *-gyjimъ
accusative *-gyję̇ *-gyję̇ *-gaja
instrumental *-gyjimi *-gyjimi *-gyjimi
locative *-gyjixъ *-gyjixъ *-gyjixъ
vocative *-dziji *-gyję̇ *-gaja

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)
      • Belarusian: -га (-ha)
      • Russian: -га (-ga)
      • Ukrainian: -га (-ha)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: -га (-ga)
      Glagolitic script: -ⰳⰰ (-ga)
    • Bulgarian: -га (-ga)
    • Macedonian: -га (-ga)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -га
      Latin script: -ga
    • Slovene: -ga
  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: -ha
    • Polish: -ga
    • Slovak: -ha
    • Sorbian:
      • Upper Sorbian: -ha
      • Lower Sorbian: -ha

References
  • G. Nandriş (1965) Handbook Of Old Church Slavonic Grammar, page 90
  • Duridinov et al. (1991) Граматика на Старобългарския език, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 180
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*batogъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 165
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gobьzъ(je), *gobьza”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 186
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*matoga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 5
  1. Derksen, Rick (2015) “*stogas II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
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