< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stiurijaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *steurō, *stiurijō (“steering, rudder”) + *-janą.[1] The first element is of uncertain origin[2]:
- Traditionally,[3][4] from Proto-Indo-European *stew-r- ~ *stēw-r-, but this is now reconstructed as *steh₂-w-r-, from the adjective *steh₂urós based on a *w-extension of *steh₂- (“to stand, be firm”) (see *stāną), and is thus phonetically impossible.[2]
- More likely, from *(s)twerH- (“to turn, twist, stir, agitate; to propel”), whence also *þweraną and Western *sturjan, *staurijan, with vowel/semivowel metathesis (*-wer- > *-ewr-). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈstiu̯.ri.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Related terms
- *steuraz (adjective)[4]
- Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (*stiurs)
- ⇒ 𐌿𐍃-𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂-𐌹𐌱𐌰 (us-stiur-iba, adverb, literally “out-of-steer”), 𐌿𐍃-𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂-𐌴𐌹 (us-stiur-ei, noun)
- Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍃 (*stiurs)
Inflection
Conjugation of *stiurijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *stiurijō | *stiurijaų | — | *stiurijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *stiurīsi | *stiurijais | *stiurī | *stiurijasai | *stiurijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *stiurīþi | *stiurijai | *stiurijaþau | *stiurijaþai | *stiurijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *stiurijōs | *stiurijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *stiurijaþiz | *stiurijaiþiz | *stiurijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *stiurijamaz | *stiurijaim | — | *stiurijanþai | *stiurijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *stiurīþ | *stiurijaiþ | *stiurīþ | *stiurijanþai | *stiurijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *stiurijanþi | *stiurijain | *stiurijanþau | *stiurijanþai | *stiurijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *stiuridǭ | *stiuridēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *stiuridēz | *stiuridēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *stiuridē | *stiuridēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *stiuridēdū | *stiuridēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *stiuridēdudiz | *stiuridēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *stiuridēdum | *stiuridēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *stiuridēdud | *stiuridēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *stiuridēdun | *stiuridēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *stiurijandz | *stiuridaz | |||
Descendants
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*steurjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*steurjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 479
- Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “steer”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*steur(j)an ~ *steurō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
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