良
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Han character
良 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+1, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈日女 (IAV), four-corner 30732, composition ⿱丶艮(GHT) or ⿱丨艮(JK) or ⿱一艮(V))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30597
- Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 16
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3170, character 2
- Unihan data for U+826F
- Unihan data for U+F97C
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
良 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 良 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (良) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 剆 | *raːl, *raːlʔ |
| 郎 | *raːŋ |
| 稂 | *raːŋ |
| 桹 | *raːŋ |
| 鋃 | *raːŋ |
| 硠 | *raːŋ |
| 浪 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
| 蜋 | *raːŋ, *raŋ |
| 琅 | *raːŋ |
| 狼 | *raːŋ |
| 欴 | *raːŋ |
| 踉 | *raːŋ, *raŋ, *raŋs |
| 莨 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
| 艆 | *raːŋ |
| 駺 | *raːŋ |
| 躴 | *raːŋ |
| 筤 | *raːŋ |
| 閬 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
| 哴 | *raːŋ, *raŋs |
| 蓈 | *raːŋ |
| 廊 | *raːŋ |
| 榔 | *raːŋ, *raːŋʔ |
| 螂 | *raːŋ |
| 瑯 | *raːŋ |
| 朗 | *raːŋʔ |
| 朖 | *raːŋʔ |
| 誏 | *raːŋʔ |
| 俍 | *raːŋʔ |
| 崀 | *raːŋʔ |
| 埌 | *raːŋs |
| 蒗 | *raːŋs |
| 娘 | *naŋ |
| 良 | *raŋ |
| 粮 | *raŋ |
| 悢 | *raŋs |
Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊.
Etymology
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
良
Synonyms
- (good, fine):
Dialectal synonyms of 好 (“good”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 好, 良, 善, 佳 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 好, 良好, 美好, 佳 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 好, 強 |
| Taiwan | 好 | |
| Jinan | 好, 賽, 強 | |
| Xi'an | 好, 嫽 | |
| Wuhan | 好, 傲 | |
| Chengdu | 好 | |
| Yangzhou | 好 | |
| Hefei | 好, 㜺 | |
| Singapore | 好 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 好, 㜺 |
| Hong Kong | 好 | |
| Taishan | 好 | |
| Yangjiang | 好 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 好 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 好 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 好, 㜺 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 好 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 好 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 好 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 好 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 好 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 好 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 好 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 好 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 好 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 好 |
| Tainan | 好 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 好 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 好 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 好 | |
| Chaozhou | 好 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 好 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 好 | |
| Zhongshan Min | Shaxi (Longdu) | 好 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 好, 㜺, 靈, 嗲 |
| Suzhou | 好, 㜺 | |
| Wenzhou | 好 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 好 |
| Shuangfeng | 好 | |
- (very):
- 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
- 十分 (shífēn)
- 壞/坏 (huài)
- 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
- 很 (hěn)
- 極其/极其 (jíqí)
- 極度/极度 (jídù)
- 極為/极为 (jíwéi)
- 極端/极端 (jíduān)
- 滾/滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 異常/异常 (yìcháng)
- 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
- 超 (chāo)
- 非常 (fēicháng)
- 頗/颇 (pō) (literary)
- 頗為/颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
Compounds
- 不良 (bùliáng)
- 不良之心
- 不良事濟/不良事济
- 不良人 (bùliángrén)
- 不良分子
- 不良導體/不良导体
- 不良少年 (bùliáng shàonián)
- 不良帥/不良帅
- 不良才
- 不良會/不良会
- 不良適應/不良适应
- 乘堅驅良/乘坚驱良
- 乞留乞良
- 優良/优良 (yōuliáng)
- 兀良
- 功同良相
- 勿失良機/勿失良机
- 吉日良辰
- 吐良
- 品種改良/品种改良
- 喪盡天良/丧尽天良 (sàngjìntiānliáng)
- 善良 (shànliáng)
- 坐失良機/坐失良机
- 壓良為賤/压良为贱
- 天付良緣/天付良缘
- 天假良緣/天假良缘
- 天地良心
- 天理良心
- 天良 (tiānliáng)
- 奧爾良/奥尔良 (Ào'ěrliáng)
- 孟良盜馬/孟良盗马
- 安良
- 將遇良才/将遇良才
- 居心不良 (jūxīnbùliáng)
- 廣結良緣/广结良缘
- 張良借箸/张良借箸
- 張良擇留/张良择留
- 從良/从良 (cóngliáng)
- 循良
- 忠孝賢良/忠孝贤良
- 忠良 (zhōngliáng)
- 憑良心說/凭良心说
- 改良 (gǎiliáng)
- 放良
- 放良書/放良书
- 新奧爾良/新奥尔良 (Xīn-Ào'ěrliáng)
- 明良
- 昧良心
- 有良心
- 沒良心/没良心 (méiliángxīn)
- 消化不良 (xiāohuà bùliáng)
- 淳良
- 溫良/温良 (wēnliáng)
- 滅良心/灭良心
- 無印良品/无印良品
- 營養不良/营养不良 (yíngyǎng bùliáng)
- 狄良突盧/狄良突卢
- 獲益良多/获益良多 (huòyìliángduō)
- 用心良苦
- 百夫良
- 萬杞良/万杞良
- 秦良玉
- 精良 (jīngliáng)
- 精金良玉
- 素絲良馬/素丝良马
- 純良/纯良 (chúnliáng)
- 素行不良
- 美景良辰
- 良久 (liángjiǔ)
- 良人 (liángrén)
- 良伴 (liángbàn)
- 良儔/良俦
- 良兵
- 良冶
- 良匠 (liángjiàng)
- 良友 (liángyǒu)
- 良史 (liángshǐ)
- 良善 (liángshàn)
- 良圖/良图
- 良士 (liángshì)
- 良多 (liángduō)
- 良夜 (liángyè)
- 良好 (liánghǎo)
- 良媒
- 良家 (liángjiā)
- 良宵 (liángxiāo)
- 良家女子
- 良家婦女/良家妇女
- 良家子
- 良家子弟
- 良宵美景
- 良將/良将 (liángjiàng)
- 良將賢相/良将贤相
- 良工
- 良工心苦
- 良師/良师 (liángshī)
- 良師益友/良师益友 (liángshīyìyǒu)
- 良庖
- 良弓
- 良弼
- 良心 (liángxīn)
- 良心不安
- 良心未泯
- 良心發現/良心发现
- 良心話/良心话
- 良性 (liángxìng)
- 良性瘤
- 良性競爭/良性竞争
- 良性腫瘤/良性肿瘤 (liángxìng zhǒngliú)
- 良方 (liángfāng)
- 良日
- 良時/良时
- 良時美景/良时美景
- 良月 (Liángyuè)
- 良朋 (liángpéng)
- 良朋益友
- 良材
- 良機/良机 (liángjī)
- 良民 (liángmín)
- 良深
- 良玉精金
- 良田 (liángtián)
- 良田美地
- 良相
- 良知 (liángzhī)
- 良知良能
- 良禽擇木/良禽择木 (liángqínzémù)
- 良種/良种 (liángzhǒng)
- 良窳
- 良策 (liángcè)
- 良緣/良缘 (liángyuán)
- 良耜
- 良能
- 良臣 (liángchén)
- 良莠不一
- 良莠不分
- 良莠不齊/良莠不齐 (liángyǒubùqí)
- 良莠淆雜/良莠淆杂
- 良藥/良药 (liángyào)
- 良藥苦口/良药苦口 (liángyàokǔkǒu)
- 良言 (liángyán)
- 良謀/良谋 (liángmóu)
- 良貴/良贵
- 良質/良质
- 良賤/良贱 (liángjiàn)
- 良質米/良质米
- 良質美手/良质美手
- 良辰 (liángchén)
- 良辰吉日 (liángchénjírì)
- 良辰媚景
- 良辰美景 (liángchénměijǐng)
- 良造
- 良遊/良游
- 良遇
- 良醞/良酝
- 良醞可戀/良酝可恋
- 良醫/良医
- 良金美玉
- 良馬/良马 (liángmǎ)
- 良駒/良驹 (liángjū)
- 誣良為盜/诬良为盗
- 賢妻良母/贤妻良母 (xiánqīliángmǔ)
- 賢良/贤良
- 賣良姜/卖良姜
- 賢良方正/贤良方正
- 迫良為娼/迫良为娼
- 逼良為娼/逼良为娼 (bīliángwéichāng)
- 金玉良言 (jīnyùliángyán)
- 金石良言 (jīnshíliángyán)
- 錯失良機/错失良机
- 除暴安良 (chúbào'ānliáng)
- 馬良/马良 (Mǎliáng)
- 馬良白眉/马良白眉
- 馴良/驯良 (xùnliáng)
- 駿良/骏良
- 黃道良辰/黄道良辰
Pronunciation 2
References
- (Min Nan) “Query for 良”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
- “良”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
- 良い (yoi), 良い (ii, “good, beneficial”)
- 良さ (yosa, “merit, virtue”)
- 良く (yoku, “well, much”)
- 良好 (ryōkō, “good, fine”)
- 良質 (ryōshitsu, “good quality”)
- 良否 (ryōhi, “quality”)
- 良心 (ryōshin, “conscience”)
- 良識 (ryōshiki, “good sense”)
- 良い男 (yoi otoko, “handsome man”)
- 良導体 (ryōdōtai, “good conductor”)
- 良い天気 (yoi tenki, “fair weather”)
- 良かったら (yokattara, “if you like”)
- 最良 (sairyō, “best, ideal”)
- 優良 (yūryō, “superior, excellent”)
- 改良 (kairyō, “improvement, reform”)
- 不良 (furyō, “badness, delinquency”)
- 善良 (zenryō, “goodness, excellence”)
- 野良 (nora, “the fields”)
- 純良品 (junryōbin, “genuine article”)
- 仲良し (nakayoshi, “intimacy, bosom buddy”)
- 読み良い (yomiyoi, “easy to read”)
- 気分が良い (kibun ga yoi, “feel good”)
- 健康に良い (kenkō ni yoi, “be good for the health”)
- 丁度良い時に (chōdo yoi toki ni, “none too soon”)
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 良 |
| りょう Grade: 4 |
| kan’on |
Noun
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 良 (MC ljang).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 랴ᇰ (Yale: lyàng) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 알 (Yale: al) | 량 (Yale: lyang) |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 어딜 (Yale: etil) | 량 (Yale: lyang) |
| Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583 | 어딜 (Yale: etil) | 냥 (Yale: nyang) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠ŋ] ~ [ɾja̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [양/량]
Old Korean
Particle
良 (*-a)
Usage notes
- First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle 中 (*-kuy). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 良 (*-a) in isolation is not encountered. The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
- After the fourteenth century, Korean scribes occasionally reused the character 良 to write 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy). This is a feature of Middle Korean writing, not Old Korean.
Descendants
See also
References
- 배대은 (Bae Dae-eun) (1996) “이두 처격조사의 통시적 고찰 [Idu cheogyeok josa-ui tongsijeok gochal, A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
- 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
- Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
- Nam Pung-hyun (2012) “Old Korean”, in Tranter, Nicolas, editor, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72
Vietnamese
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