Portal:World War I

The World War I Portal

World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War in historical contexts, was a global conflict from 1914 to 1918. It was fought between two coalitions: the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. Fighting took place throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. One of the deadliest wars in history, it resulted in an estimated 9 million soldiers dead and 23 million wounded, plus another 5 million civilian deaths from various causes. Millions more died as a result of genocide, and the war was a major factor in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic.

The first decade of the 20th century saw increasing diplomatic tension between the European great powers. This reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia came to Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, France, and Britain were drawn into the war, with the Ottoman Empire joining in November of that same year. (Full article...)

Selected event –

Beersheba, 1917

Beersheba in 1917

The Battle of Beersheba (Turkish: Birüssebi Muharebesi, German: Schlacht von Birüssebi) was fought on 31 October 1917, when the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) attacked and captured the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group garrison at Beersheba, beginning the Southern Palestine Offensive of the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I. (Full article...)

List of selected events
Battle of the Somme Battle of Verdun Treaty of Versailles Brusilov offensive Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Arras (1917) Armenian genocide Battle of Jutland First Battle of the Marne Gallipoli campaign Battle of Sharon

Selected equipment –

A British Mark V tank

The development of tanks in World War I was a response to the stalemate that developed on the Western Front. Although vehicles that incorporated the basic principles of the tank (armour, firepower, and all-terrain mobility) had been projected in the decade or so before the War, it was the alarmingly heavy casualties of the start of its trench warfare that stimulated development. Research took place in both Great Britain and France, with Germany only belatedly following the Allies' lead.

In Great Britain, an initial vehicle, nicknamed Little Willie, was constructed at William Foster & Co., during August and September 1915. The prototype of a new design that became the Mark I tank was demonstrated to the British Army on 2 February 1916. Although initially termed "Landships" by the Landship Committee, production vehicles were named "tanks", to preserve secrecy. The term was chosen when it became known that the factory workers at William Foster referred to the first prototype as "the tank" because of its resemblance to a steel water tank.

The French fielded their first tanks in April 1917 and ultimately produced far more tanks than all other countries combined. (Full article...)

List of selected equipment
Chemical weapons in World War I Webley Revolver Vickers machine gun Fokker D.VII Canon de 75 modèle 1897 Gewehr 98 Trench knife Lewis gun Paris gun 42 cm Haubitze M. 14/16

Selected quote

"We will support Britain to the last man and the last shilling."

— Andrew Fisher, August 1914

Featured articles -

Featured articles are displayed here, which represent some of the best content on English Wikipedia.

Image 1

Judson c. 1919

Reginald Stanley Judson, (29 September 1881 – 26 August 1972) was a New Zealand recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest military award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" given to British and Commonwealth forces. He was awarded the VC for his actions in the Second Battle of Bapaume during the First World War. (Full article...)
Image 2

Winslow during trials in 1915
USS Winslow (DD-53) during trials in 1915.

USS Winslow (Destroyer No. 53/DD-53) was an O'Brien-class destroyer built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I. The ship was the second US Navy vessel named in honor of John Ancrum Winslow, a US Navy officer notable for sinking the Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama during the American Civil War. (Full article...)
Image 3

A postcard of Mărășești

NMS Mărășești was one of four Vifor-class destroyers ordered by Romania shortly before the beginning of the First World War from Italy. All four sister ships were requisitioned when Italy joined the war in 1915. Originally named Vârtej by the Romanians, she was renamed Nibbio in Italian service. Not completed until mid-1918, the ship engaged Austro-Hungarian ships in the Adriatic Sea only once before the war ended in November. She was renamed Mărășești when she was re-purchased by the Romanians in 1920. (Full article...)
Image 4

Daniel Judson Callaghan (July 26, 1890 – November 13, 1942) was a United States Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. In a three-decades-long career, he served his country in two wars. Callaghan served on several ships during his first 20 years of service, including escort duties during World War I, and also filled some shore-based administrative roles. He later came to the attention of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed Callaghan as his naval aide in 1938. A few years later, he returned to command duties during the early stages of World War II. An enemy shell killed Callaghan on the bridge of his flagship, USS San Francisco, during a surface action against a larger Japanese force off Savo Island. He was the third of five US Navy admirals killed in battle during WWII, including: Isaac C. Kidd (1941, Attack on Pearl Harbor); Norman Scott (earlier on same night, in same battle, as Callaghan); Henry M. Mullinnix (1943, Battle of Makin); and Theodore E. Chandler (1945, invasion of Lingayen Gulf). (Full article...)
Image 5

A postcard of sister ship Francisque underway

Pistolet was an Arquebuse-class destroyer built for the French Navy (Marine nationale) in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1903, the ship was initially assigned to the Northern Squadron (Escadre du Nord) in the English Channel. She was transferred to French Indochina the following year and remained there for the next decade. She was present for the Battle of Penang during World War I, but was not able to engage the German cruiser SMS Emden. Pistolet returned to France in 1916 and patrolled the western Mediterranean Sea for the rest of the war. She was ultimately sold to ship breakers in 1920. (Full article...)
Image 6

A 1902 lithograph of Odin firing a salute

SMS Odin was the lead ship of her class of coastal defense ships (Küstenpanzerschiffe) built for the Imperial German Navy. She had one sister ship, Ägir. Odin, named for the eponymous Norse god, was built by the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard) in Danzig between 1893 and 1896, and was armed with a main battery of three 24-centimeter (9.4 in) guns. She served in the German fleet throughout the 1890s and was rebuilt in 1901–1903. She served in the VI Battle Squadron after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, but saw no action. Odin was demobilized in 1915 and used as a tender thereafter. After the war, she was rebuilt as a merchant ship and served in this capacity until 1935, when she was broken up for scrap. (Full article...)
Image 7

SMS Amazon

SMS Amazone was the sixth member of the ten-ship Gazelle class of light cruisers that were built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in the late 1890s and early 1900s. The Gazelle class was the culmination of earlier unprotected cruiser and aviso designs, combining the best aspects of both types in what became the progenitor of all future light cruisers of the Imperial fleet. Built to be able to serve with the main German fleet and as a colonial cruiser, she was armed with a battery of ten 10.5 cm (4.1 in) guns and a top speed of 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph). (Full article...)
Image 8

Plan and side views

Imperator Nikolai I (Russian: Император Николай I: Emperor Nicholas I) was a Russian dreadnought built during World War I for service in the Black Sea. She was designed to counter multiple prospective Ottoman dreadnoughts which had been placed under order by the Ottoman government, since this raised the possibility that the Russian dreadnoughts being built for the Black Sea Fleet could be outclassed. The ship used the same main armament as the preceding Imperatritsa Mariya class, but was larger and more heavily armored. Imperator Nikolai I was launched in 1916, but construction was suspended on 24 October 1917. The Soviets considered completing her in 1923, but later rejected the idea. She was towed to Sevastopol in 1927 and scrapped. (Full article...)
Image 9

Albatross in port

SMS Albatross was a German minelaying cruiser built for the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), the second and final member of the Nautilus class. Her keel was laid down in May 1907 at the AG Weser shipyard; she was launched in October and commissioned into the fleet in May 1908. Her armament consisted of eight 8.8 cm (3.5 in) guns and 288 naval mines. (Full article...)
Image 10

USS Kearsarge – the lead ship of the class

The Kearsarge-class was a group of two pre-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the 1890s. The two ships—USS Kearsarge and USS Kentucky—represented a compromise between two preceding battleship designs, the low-freeboard Indiana class and the high-freeboard USS Iowa, though their design also incorporated several improvements. Their primary advances over earlier designs consisted of new quick-firing guns and improved armor protection, but their most novel feature was their two-story gun turrets that consisted of a secondary 8-inch (203 mm) gun turret fixed to the top of their primary 13-inch (330 mm) turrets. The ships suffered from a number of problems, however, including a tertiary battery mounted too low in the hull and poorly-designed turrets, though the latter were attempted again with the Virginia class in the early 1900s, also with negative results. (Full article...)

Selected images

Image 1French bayonet charge during the Battle of the Frontiers; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead. (from World War I)
Image 2British Army advancing on the Western Front (March 1917) (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 3Rival military coalitions in 1914:
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
(from World War I)
Image 4Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the Young Women's Christian Association (from World War I)
Image 5German trench on the Western Front, 1915. (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 6Border changes in favor of Romania as stipulated in the Treaty of Bucharest (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 7The Italian Redipuglia War Memorial, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers (from World War I)
Image 8A Gotha G.II bomber. Only ten were built before the aircraft was withdrawn due to repeated engine failures, but it set the pattern for the Gotha G.III through G.V bombers, with 460 more built for the later marks.
Public domain photograph, original source unknown.
Image 9An artist's rendition of Canadian troops at the Second Battle of Ypres (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 10Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane (from World War I)
Image 11French soldiers observing enemy movements (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 12A timeline of events on the Eastern and Middle-Eastern theatres of World War I (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 13Ruins of Arras in April 1917 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 14Isonzo Offensives 1915–1917 (from World War I)
Image 15Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin (from World War I)
Image 16Emperor Nicholas II and Grand Duke Nikolaevich following the Russian capture of Przemyśl, the longest siege of the war. (from World War I)
Image 17The Russian battleship Slawa, crippled by German gunfire and sinking off Ösel, Baltic Sea, October 1917.
Photo credit: Image taken from Der Weltkrieg in seiner rauen Wirklichkeit. Original photographer unknown.
Image 18The signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919, by Sir William Orpen (from World War I)
Image 192nd Lt. Ecaterina Teodoroiu, killed in action at Mărășești in 1917, regarded as a national heroine in Romania (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 20German soldier on the Western Front in 1916 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 21British poster, welcoming Romania's decision to join the Entente (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 22U.S. Army recruiting poster with Uncle Sam. (from World War I)
Image 23Dissolution of Austria-Hungary after war (from World War I)
Image 24Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near Kumanovo (from World War I)
Image 25David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles conference, 1919.
Photo credit: Captain Jackson of the US Army Signal Corps
Image 26British infantry advance near Ginchy. Photo by Ernest Brooks. (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 27Brusilov offensive (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 28Illustration from the French magazine Le Petit Journal on the Bosnian Crisis. Bulgaria declares its independence and its prince Ferdinand is named Tsar. Austria-Hungary, in the person of Emperor Francis Joseph, annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II looks on helplessly. (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 29Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz, Styria, 1914 (from World War I)
Image 30"They shall not pass", a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun (from World War I)
Image 31Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo, 29 June 1914 (from World War I)
Image 32Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres (from World War I)
Image 33Australian soldiers in Chateau Wood, near Hooge, in the Ypres Salient, 29 October, 1917.
Photo credit: Frank Hurley.
Image 34German tank in Roye, 21 March 1918 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 35Map of the final German offensives, 1918 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 36German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one. (from World War I)
Image 37Armenians killed during the Armenian genocide. Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, written by Henry Morgenthau Sr. and published in 1918. (from World War I)
Image 38Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed in 1908. (from World War I)
Image 39Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărășești, 1917 (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 40U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice (from World War I)
Image 41Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 (from World War I)
Image 42Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish, 1914–1915 (from World War I)
Image 43Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared. (from World War I)
Image 44Hindenburg at Tannenberg,
by Hugo Vogel (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 45Poster showing women workers, 1915 (from World War I)
Image 46SMS Rheinland, a Nassau-class battleship, Germany's first response to the British Dreadnought (from World War I)
Image 47Kaiser Wilhelm II and Prince Leopold of Bavaria inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland). (from World War I)
Image 48Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining 1 Lincolnshire Regiment in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after Guedecourt on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties. (from World War I)
Image 49The German submarine U-14 arriving in port.
Photo credit: Photographer unknown, image scanned from a public domain text by the Great War Primary Documents Archive.
Image 50Russian troops going to the front: Support for the imperial guard being hurried into the fighting line (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 51British Indian Army infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the Mesopotamian campaign. (from World War I)
Image 52British Indian soldiers digging trenches in Laventie, France, 1915 (from World War I)
Image 53Two United States soldiers run toward a bunker past the bodies of two German soldiers. (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 54Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923) (from World War I)
Image 55French infantry advance on the Chemin des Dames, April 1917 (from World War I)
Image 56Ferdinand Foch (second from right) pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there. (from World War I)
Image 57U.S. 23rd Infantry, 2nd Division, firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918 (from World War I)
Image 58Eastern Front as of 1917 (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 59Traditionally thought to show the arrest of Gavrilo Princip (right), this photo is now believed by historians to depict an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr (from World War I)
Image 60German casualties at the Somme, 1916 (from World War I)
Image 61An engagement in Hungary (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 62British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem, 1917. (from World War I)
Image 63The Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt seen from the air (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 64Italian troops reach Trento during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, 1918 (from World War I)
Image 65Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci (from World War I)
Image 66The British battle cruiser Lion burning after being struck by a salvo during the Battle of Jutland.
Photo credit:This photograph originally appeared in The Literary Digest History of the World War. The photographer is Miles van den Berg.
Image 67Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917. Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population. (from World War I)
Image 68Map of the Western Front, 1915–16 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 69President Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917 (from World War I)
Image 701917 political cartoon about the Zimmermann Telegram (from World War I)
Image 71French soldiers of the 87th Regiment, 6th Division, at Côte 304, (Hill 304), northwest of Verdun, 1916.
Photo credit: Public domain image, original photographer unknown.
Image 72Map of the Western Front, 1917 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 73Battleships of the Hochseeflotte, 1917 (from World War I)
Image 74German troops pose with a captured British Mark II tank, April 1917.
Photo credit: Personal photograph, source unknown.
Image 75Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign (from World War I)
Image 76Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the Ortler Alps, one of the most challenging fronts of the war (from World War I)
Image 77British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917 (from World War I)
Image 78A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I (from World War I)
Image 79World War I caricature from Russia depicting Wilhelm II, Franz Joseph I and Mehmed V. Top: "If only we could get to the top – it would be ours!" Bottom: "Let me help you with that!" (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 80Canadian Corps troops at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, 1917 (from World War I)
Image 81The evacuation of W Beach, Helles, on 7 January, 1916.
Photo credit: Lt. Ernest Brooks.
Image 82Italian regiments in 1918 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 83Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half. (from World War I)
Image 84Territory lost by Russia under the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (from Eastern Front (World War I))
Image 85World empires and colonies around 1914 (from World War I)
Image 86Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic in Camp Funston, Kansas, 1918 (from World War I)
Image 87Map of the Western Front and the Race to the Sea, 1914 (from Western Front (World War I))
Image 88Royal Air Force Sopwith Camel. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours. (from World War I)
Image 89Serbian Army Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915 (from World War I)
Image 90Ruins of Carency after it was recaptured by France (from Western Front (World War I))

Selected biography –

Brusilov in 1913

Aleksei Alekseyevich Brusilov (Russian: Алексе́й Алексе́евич Бруси́лов, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪdʑ brʊˈsʲiɫəf]; 31 August [O.S. 19 August] 1853 – 17 March 1926) was a Russian and later Soviet general most noted for the development of new offensive tactics used in the 1916 Brusilov offensive, which was his greatest achievement. The innovative and relatively successful tactics used were later copied by the Germans.

Born into an aristocratic military family, Brusilov trained as a cavalry officer, but by 1914 had realized that cavalry was obsolete against modern weapons of warfare such as machine gun and artillery. Historians portray him as the only First World War Russian general capable of winning major battles; his offensive strategy helped eliminate the Austro-Hungarian Empire as an independent fighting force. However, his victories resulted in heavy casualties that seriously weakened the Russian army, which was unable to replace its losses. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig Ferdinand Foch Hunter Liggett Helmuth von Moltke the Younger David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty William II, German Emperor Faisal bin Hussein Armando Diaz Gavrilo Princip John Monash Živojin Mišić

Did you know...?

...that Japanese cruiser Izumo was dispatched to Malta as the flagship of an Imperial Japanese Navy destroyer unit in World War I, as part of Japan's contribution to the Allied war effort under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance?

...that German sailor Max Reichpietsch, who served on the battleship SMS Friedrich der Große, was executed by firing squad in 1917 for anti-war agitation in the German Navy?

...that David B. Barkley (pictured), who drowned in the Meuse River, France after completing a scouting mission behind enemy lines during World War I, was the U.S. Army's first Hispanic Medal of Honor recipient?

...that a bull terrier named Stubby attained the rank of sergeant during World War I?

Major topics

Things you can do

From the World War I task force of the Military history WikiProject:

Attention needed: ...to referencing and citation • ...to coverage and accuracy • ...to structure • ...to grammar • ...to supporting materials
Popular pages: Full list
Cleanup needed: Adriatic Campaign of World War I • Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I • Balkans Campaign (World War I) • Battle of Belleau Wood • Battle of Gully Ravine • Battle of Pozières • Battle of Sari Bair • Eastern Front (World War I) • Italian Front (World War I) • Robert Nivelle • Serbian Campaign of World War I • South-West Africa Campaign • Landing at Suvla Bay • Max von Boehn (General) • Johannes von Eben • Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign • Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I • Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service
Requested articles: Bombardment of Samogneux • Götz von König de • Black Sea Campaign (World War I) • Battle of the Nete • Battle of Musalla • Battle of Qasr-i-Shirin • Battle of Qom • Battle of Hamadan • Occupation of Tabriz • Affair of Umm at Tubal • Battle of Namacurra • Makombe rebellion • Auguste Clément Gérôme • Konrad von Hippel • Hermann von Ziegesar • Josef Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Lapanów • Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barenfels • Hugo Martiny von Malastów • Battle of Kyurdamir • Army Detachment Scheffer • Egon Graf von Schmettow • Army Group Boroević (currently a redirect) • Max Hofmann (general)
Expansion needed: Battle of Behobeho • Battle of Cambrai (1918) • Battle of Caporetto • Battle of Courtrai (1918) • Battle of Dodoma • Battle of Dutumi • Battle of Kahe • Battle of Kibata (1916) • Battle of Kibata (1917) • Battle of Kidodi • Battle of Kilosa • Battle of Kimbaramba • Battle of Krithia Vineyard • Battle of Lukigura • Battle of the Lys (1918) • Battle of Nambanje • Battle of Mahiwa • Battle of Matamondo • Battle of Mlali • Battle of Morogoro • Battle of Mkalamo • Battle of Mouquet Farm • Battle of Narungombe • Battle of Njinjo • Occupation of German Samoa • Battle of Rumbo • Samarra offensive • Battle of Scimitar Hill • Battle of Sharqat • Battle of St. Quentin Canal • Battle of Utete • Battle of Wami • Demilitarisation • First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux • Second Battle of Krithia • Second Battle of Kut • Second Battle of the Isonzo • Third Battle of Krithia • Third Battle of the Isonzo • Fifth Battle of the Isonzo • Seventh Battle of the Isonzo • Ninth Battle of the Isonzo • Tenth Battle of the Isonzo • Operation Marne-Rheims • Joseph B. Sanborn • Robert Kosch de • Second attack on Anzac Cove • Barue uprising • Yser Front • Ettore Mambretti • Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
Images needed: Battle of Robănești
Merging needed: Add an article here!
Citations needed: Hundred Days Offensive • Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I • 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company &bull Landing at Suvla Bay • Battle of Gully Ravine • Battle of Kumkale • Victory Medal (Romania) • Battle of Augustów (1914) • Draft:Vilno-Dvinsk offensive
Translation needed: de:Schlacht in den Karpaten (Large battle in the Carpathians) • fr:Mémorial Interallié

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