Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/frastandan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *standan (“to stand”).

Verb

*frastandan

to oppose
to understand

Inflection

Strong class 6
Infinitive	*frastandan
1st sg. past	*frastōnd
3rd pl. past	*frastōndun
Past ptcple	*frastandan
Infinitive	*frastandan
Genitive infin.	*frastandannjas
Dative infin.	*frastandannjē
Instrum. infin.	*frastandannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*frastandu	*frastōnd
2nd singular	*frastandiʀi	*frastōndī
3rd singular	*frastandidi	*frastōnd
1st plural	*frastandum	*frastōndum
2nd plural	*frastandid	*frastōndud
3rd plural	*frastandand	*frastōndun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*frastandē	*frastōndī
2nd singular	*frastandēs	*frastōndī
3rd singular	*frastandē	*frastōndī
1st plural	*frastandēm	*frastōndīm
2nd plural	*frastandēþ	*frastōndīd
3rd plural	*frastandēn	*frastōndīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*frastand
Plural	*frastandid
	Present	Past
Participle	*frastandandī	*frastandan

Descendants

Old English: forstandan
- Middle English: forstanden
  - English: forstand
  - Scots: forstand
Old Frisian: forstanda, forstonda
- Saterland Frisian: ferstounde
Old Saxon: farstandan
- Middle Low German: vörstenden
  - → Old Norse: fyrirstanda, forstanda
    - Icelandic: fyrirstanda, forstanda
    - Faroese: forstanda
    - Norwegian:
      - Norwegian Bokmål: forstå
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: forstå
        Russenorsk: forstå
    - Old Danish: forstande
      - Danish: forstå
    - Old Swedish: forstanda
      - Swedish: förstå
Old High German: firstantan

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