< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/verdьnъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
South Slavic isogloss, with dubious origin. The main two hypotheses for its etymology are:
- Native origin: According to St. Mladenov, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰ- (“to raise”), cognate with Sanskrit वर्धति (vardhati, “to grow, to elevate”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (varədaiti, “to enlarge”). Probably akin to Proto-Slavic *verdъ, though, certainly not in its attested meaning wart, wound. See there for further discussion.
- Borrowing: Built on the basis of Old High German werd (“worth”), from Proto-Germanic *werþaz. Probably borrowed around 9th century.
Georgiev and Skok remain inconclusive.
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *verdьnъ | *verdьna | *verdьno |
| genitive | *verdьna | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| dative | *verdьnu | *verdьně | *verdьnu |
| accusative | *verdьnъ | *verdьnǫ | *verdьno |
| instrumental | *verdьnomь | *verdьnojǫ | *verdьnomь |
| locative | *verdьně | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| vocative | *verdьne | *verdьno | *verdьno |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| genitive | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| dative | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| accusative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| instrumental | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| locative | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| vocative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| genitive | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ |
| dative | *verdьnomъ | *verdьnamъ | *verdьnomъ |
| accusative | *verdьny | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| instrumental | *verdьny | *verdьnami | *verdьny |
| locative | *verdьněxъ | *verdьnaxъ | *verdьněxъ |
| vocative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
Definite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| genitive | *verdьnajego | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnajego |
| dative | *verdьnujemu | *verdьněji | *verdьnujemu |
| accusative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnoje |
| instrumental | *verdьnyjimь | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnyjimь |
| locative | *verdьnějemь | *verdьněji | *verdьnějemь |
| vocative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| genitive | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| dative | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| accusative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| instrumental | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| locative | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| vocative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnaja |
| genitive | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ |
| dative | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ |
| accusative | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnaja |
| instrumental | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi |
| locative | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ |
| vocative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnaja |
Derived terms
- *verdьnostь, *verdьnota (“worth”)
Related terms
- *verděti (“to be worth”)
- *verdati (“to estimate”)
Descendants
Further reading
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “вреден²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 184
- Skok, Petar (1973) “vrijedan”, in Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika [Etymological Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language] (in Serbo-Croatian), volumes 3 (poni² – Ž), Zagreb: JAZU, page 625
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “vrẹ́den”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *verdьnъ | *verdьna | *verdьno |
| genitive | *verdьna | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| dative | *verdьnu | *verdьně | *verdьnu |
| accusative | *verdьnъ | *verdьnǫ | *verdьno |
| instrumental | *verdьnomь | *verdьnojǫ | *verdьnomь |
| locative | *verdьně | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| vocative | *verdьne | *verdьno | *verdьno |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| genitive | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| dative | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| accusative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| instrumental | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| locative | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| vocative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| genitive | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ |
| dative | *verdьnomъ | *verdьnamъ | *verdьnomъ |
| accusative | *verdьny | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| instrumental | *verdьny | *verdьnami | *verdьny |
| locative | *verdьněxъ | *verdьnaxъ | *verdьněxъ |
| vocative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
Definite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| genitive | *verdьnajego | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnajego |
| dative | *verdьnujemu | *verdьněji | *verdьnujemu |
| accusative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnoje |
| instrumental | *verdьnyjimь | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnyjimь |
| locative | *verdьnějemь | *verdьněji | *verdьnějemь |
| vocative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| genitive | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| dative | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| accusative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| instrumental | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| locative | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| vocative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnaja |
| genitive | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ |
| dative | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ |
| accusative | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnaja |
| instrumental | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi |
| locative | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ |
| vocative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję̇ | *verdьnaja |
Derived terms
- *verdina (“damage”)
- *verdьnostь (“harm, malice”)
Related terms
- *verditi (“to cause harm, to injure”)
- *verditeľь (“pest”)
- *verdovъ (“ulcerous”)
Descendants
Further reading
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “вреден¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 184
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “вред”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “vredník”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si
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