< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrdъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tvìrtas, Latvian tvir̂ts (“strong, firm, solid”).
Declension
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrda | *tvьrdo |
| genitive | *tvьrda | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| dative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdu |
| accusative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdǫ | *tvьrdo |
| instrumental | *tvьrdomь | *tvьrdojǫ | *tvьrdomь |
| locative | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| vocative | *tvьrde | *tvьrdo | *tvьrdo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| genitive | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
| dative | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
| accusative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| instrumental | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
| locative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
| vocative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| genitive | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ |
| dative | *tvьrdomъ | *tvьrdamъ | *tvьrdomъ |
| accusative | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| instrumental | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdami | *tvьrdy |
| locative | *tvьrděxъ | *tvьrdaxъ | *tvьrděxъ |
| vocative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
Definite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrdoje |
| genitive | *tvьrdajego | *tvьrdyję̇ | *tvьrdajego |
| dative | *tvьrdujemu | *tvьrději | *tvьrdujemu |
| accusative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdǫjǫ | *tvьrdoje |
| instrumental | *tvьrdyjimь | *tvьrdǫjǫ | *tvьrdyjimь |
| locative | *tvьrdějemь | *tvьrději | *tvьrdějemь |
| vocative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrdoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
| genitive | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju |
| dative | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima |
| accusative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
| instrumental | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima |
| locative | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju |
| vocative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tvьrdiji | *tvьrdyję̇ | *tvьrdaja |
| genitive | *tvьrdъjixъ | *tvьrdъjixъ | *tvьrdъjixъ |
| dative | *tvьrdyjimъ | *tvьrdyjimъ | *tvьrdyjimъ |
| accusative | *tvьrdyję̇ | *tvьrdyję̇ | *tvьrdaja |
| instrumental | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdyjimi |
| locative | *tvьrdyjixъ | *tvьrdyjixъ | *tvьrdyjixъ |
| vocative | *tvьrdiji | *tvьrdyję̇ | *tvьrdaja |
Antonyms
- *mękъkъ (“soft”)
See also
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 501
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “твердый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “твёрдый”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 231
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