< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tęžьkъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From earlier *tę̑gъkъ, *tęgъka̍, *tę̑gъko (definite *tęgъkъ̀jь), with medial *-ž- taken from the comparative form *tęžьjь, from Early-Proto-Slavic *tingukas. The earlier u-stem based form is indirectly attested in the causative *otęgъčiti (“to burden”). Continues Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingús (mobile accent), from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-, morphologically equal to *tę̑gъ + *-ьkъ.
Directly cognate with Lithuanian tingùs (“lazy”) and Proto-Germanic *þunguz (whence Old Norse þungr (“heavy”)). Further akin to Proto-Iranian *θanǰáyati.
Declension
Indefinite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьka | *tęžьko |
| genitive | *tęžьka | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| dative | *tęžьku | *tęžьcě | *tęžьku |
| accusative | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkǫ | *tęžьko |
| instrumental | *tęžьkomь | *tęžьkojǫ | *tęžьkomь |
| locative | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| vocative | *tęžьče | *tęžьko | *tęžьko |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| genitive | *tęžьku | *tęžьku | *tęžьku |
| dative | *tęžьkoma | *tęžьkama | *tęžьkoma |
| accusative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| instrumental | *tęžьkoma | *tęžьkama | *tęžьkoma |
| locative | *tęžьku | *tęžьku | *tęžьku |
| vocative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tęžьci | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| genitive | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkъ |
| dative | *tęžьkomъ | *tęžьkamъ | *tęžьkomъ |
| accusative | *tęžьky | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| instrumental | *tęžьky | *tęžьkami | *tęžьky |
| locative | *tęžьcěxъ | *tęžьkaxъ | *tęžьcěxъ |
| vocative | *tęžьci | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
Definite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьkoje |
| genitive | *tęžьkajego | *tęžьkyję̇ | *tęžьkajego |
| dative | *tęžьkujemu | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьkujemu |
| accusative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkǫjǫ | *tęžьkoje |
| instrumental | *tęžьkyjimь | *tęžьkǫjǫ | *tęžьkyjimь |
| locative | *tęžьcějemь | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcějemь |
| vocative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьkoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| genitive | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju |
| dative | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima |
| accusative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| instrumental | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima |
| locative | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju |
| vocative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tęžьciji | *tęžьkyję̇ | *tęžьkaja |
| genitive | *tęžьkъjixъ | *tęžьkъjixъ | *tęžьkъjixъ |
| dative | *tęžьkyjimъ | *tęžьkyjimъ | *tęžьkyjimъ |
| accusative | *tęžьkyję̇ | *tęžьkyję̇ | *tęžьkaja |
| instrumental | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkyjimi |
| locative | *tęžьkyjixъ | *tęžьkyjixъ | *tęžьkyjixъ |
| vocative | *tęžьciji | *tęžьkyję̇ | *tęžьkaja |
Derived terms
Related terms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тяжелый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- “tingus”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- Gluhak, Alemko (1993) “Proto-Slavic/tęžьkъ”, in Hrvatski etimološki rječnik [Croatian Etymology Dictionary] (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: August Cesarec, →ISBN, page 624
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (2003), “*obtęgъčiti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 30 (*obsojьnikъ – *obvedьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 175
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tęžьkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 494: “adj. o ‘heavy’”
- Kapović, Mate (2007) “The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch, University of Vienna, page 8: “*tę̑žьkъ”
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