Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swé

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*se,[1] *s(w)e[2][3][4]
*séwe[5] (emphatic counterpart?)

Etymology

This stem (and its substantive pronoun) was originally a reflexive element referring to all persons and numbers (as in Sanskrit and in Balto-Slavic). Its wider use can still be seen in Homer, when ὅς (hós) means "my own" or "your own" (e.g. Odyssey 11.142, 9.28).

Pronoun

*swé

self (reflexive pronoun)

Declension

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	s-wé ~ se
genitive	sé-we ~ sos (adj.)
ablative	*sw-ét
dative	sébʰi ~ sey, *soy

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	swé ~ se
genitive	séwe ~ soy
dative	sébʰye ~ soy

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	*swé
genitive	séwe ~ soy
dative	sebʰyo, soy
possessive adjective	*swós

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction
	singular
nominative	–
accusative	s(w)é ~ se
genitive	*sewe
dative	*sebʰyo
poss. adj.	*swós

Derived terms

*swe-
? *swésōr
*sew-ós (< genitive *séwe)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hewós
  - Ancient Greek: ἑός (heós)[3]
- Proto-Italic: *sowos[1] (see there for further descendants)
*swéd-yo-s (< ablative *swéd)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hwédios[6]
  - Ancient Greek: ἴδιος (ídios)
    Argolic Greek: ἵδιος (hídios)
    
    Doric Greek: ϝίδιος (wídios)
(possibly) *swó-lo-s
- Proto-Italic: *swolos
  - Latin: sōlus
*swom
- Proto-Albanian: *wa
  - Albanian: u
*swo-yo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swaias
  - Latvian: savs
  - Latgalian: sovs
  - Lithuanian: savas
  - Old Prussian: swais
  - Proto-Slavic: *svojь
*swe-sin[7]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: féin
*swe-de-sin[7]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: fadesin

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *sibjō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *swēbaz
- Proto-Germanic: *swainaz
- Proto-Germanic: *swihô
- Proto-Germanic: *swa (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *swē (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *selbaz
- Proto-Slavic: *svatъ
- Latgalian: sevim (“detachedly, apartly”)
- Latgalian: svõts
- Latgalian: svainis

Descendants

Albanian:
- Proto-Albanian: *swetā
  - Albanian: vetë (“self”)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: իւր (iwr)
  - Armenian: իր (ir)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sin, *sen
- Old Prussian: sien (“oneself”)
- Proto-Slavic: *sę (acc.), *sebe (gen.)
Proto-Celtic: *swe[7]
Proto-Hellenic: *hwe
- Ancient Greek: ἕ (hé),[3] ἔτης (étēs, abl.), ὅς (hós, “his”)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἑκάς (hekás)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἧλιξ (hêlix)
- ⇒ Ancient Greek: σφεῖς (spheîs, “they, them”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swá (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *sē,[1] *swē, *se (acc.), *sefei (dat.), *sed (abl.)
- Old Latin: sed sg, sēd pl (abl.), sibei sg (dat.)
  - Latin: sē sg (acc.abl.), suī sg (gen.), sibi sg (dat.)

Coordinate terms

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 549
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕ, ἑ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365
Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 214, 267
Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 416–417
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ἴδιος of 577-578
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swe- ‘self, own’”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361