< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wōpijaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂b- (“to call, shout, complain”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *vabiti (“to lure”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈwɔː.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Inflection
The evolution of this verb's conjugation is unusual and controversial. Unlike usual expectations, it is weak in Gothic and strong class 7 with a reduplicated preterite in Old English. Orel and Ringe disagree on how this situation arose.
- Orel believes that there were two separate, but related homophonous verbs in Proto-Germanic, with the weak verb being the *-janą derivative of the strong one.
- Ringe believes that independently, Old Norse and Gothic made the strong verb weak due to analogy.
- Kroonen makes no comment about this verb's paradigm, and in fact the verb is not mentioned at all in his Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic.
Conjugation of *wōpijaną (strong class 7 j-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *wōpijō | *wōpijaų | — | *wōpijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *wōpīsi | *wōpijais | *wōpī | *wōpijasai | *wōpijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *wōpīþi | *wōpijai | *wōpijaþau | *wōpijaþai | *wōpijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *wōpijōs | *wōpijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *wōpijaþiz | *wōpijaiþiz | *wōpijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *wōpijamaz | *wōpijaim | — | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *wōpīþ | *wōpijaiþ | *wōpīþ | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *wōpijanþi | *wōpijain | *wōpijanþau | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *wewōp | *wewōpį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *wewōft | *wewōpīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *wewōp | *wewōpī | |||
| 1st dual | *wewōpū | *wewōpīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *wewōpudiz | *wewōpīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *wewōpum | *wewōpīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *wewōpud | *wewōpīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *wewōpun | *wewōpīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *wōpijandz | *wōpanaz | |||
Conjugation of *wōpijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *wōpijō | *wōpijaų | — | *wōpijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *wōpīsi | *wōpijais | *wōpī | *wōpijasai | *wōpijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *wōpīþi | *wōpijai | *wōpijaþau | *wōpijaþai | *wōpijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *wōpijōs | *wōpijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *wōpijaþiz | *wōpijaiþiz | *wōpijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *wōpijamaz | *wōpijaim | — | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *wōpīþ | *wōpijaiþ | *wōpīþ | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *wōpijanþi | *wōpijain | *wōpijanþau | *wōpijanþai | *wōpijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *wōpidǭ | *wōpidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *wōpidēz | *wōpidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *wōpidē | *wōpidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *wōpidēdū | *wōpidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *wōpidēdudiz | *wōpidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *wōpidēdum | *wōpidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *wōpidēdud | *wōpidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *wōpidēdun | *wōpidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *wōpijandz | *wōpidaz | |||
Related terms
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