< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swērāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From both *swēraz (“heavy”) +‎ *-āną (“stative-fientive suffix”) and *swēraz (“heavy”) +‎ *-āną (“factitive suffix”).

Verb

*swērāną[1]

  1. to be or become heavy
  2. to honour

Inflection
Conjugation of *swērāną (weak class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swērō ?— ? ?
2nd singular *swēraisi ?*swērai*swērāsai ?
3rd singular *swēraiþi ?*swērāþau*swērāþai ?
1st dual *swērōs ?———
2nd dual *swērāþiz ?*swērāþiz——
1st plural *swērāmaz ?—*swērānþai ?
2nd plural *swēraiþ ?*swēraiþ*swērānþai ?
3rd plural *swērānþi ?*swērānþau*swērānþai ?
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swēradǭ*swēradēdį̄
2nd singular *swēradēz*swēradēdīz
3rd singular *swēradē*swēradēdī
1st dual *swēradēdū*swēradēdīw
2nd dual *swēradēdudiz*swēradēdīdiz
1st plural *swēradēdum*swēradēdīm
2nd plural *swēradēdud*swēradēdīd
3rd plural *swēradēdun*swēradēdīn
present past
participles *swērāndz*swēradaz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *swārēn
    • Old Frisian: swēria
      • West Frisian: swierje
    • Old Saxon: *swāron
    • Old Dutch: *swāron
      • Middle Dutch: swâren (merged with the descendant of *swārijan)
        • Dutch: zwaren (archaic)
    • Old High German: swārēn
      • Middle High German: swāren
      • ⇒ Old High German: anairswārēn
  • Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swērān)

References
  1. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*swērēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 396
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