< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bibāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, to be afraid”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *bajā́ˀtei (“to fear, be afraid”), Sanskrit बिभाय (bibhā́ya, “to fear”), Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (biβiuuāh, “to be afraid”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈbi.βɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*bibāną[1][2]

  1. to tremble, quake, shiver

Inflection
Conjugation of *bibāną (weak class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *bibō ?— ? ?
2nd singular *bibaisi ?*bibai*bibāsai ?
3rd singular *bibaiþi ?*bibāþau*bibāþai ?
1st dual *bibōs ?———
2nd dual *bibāþiz ?*bibāþiz——
1st plural *bibāmaz ?—*bibānþai ?
2nd plural *bibaiþ ?*bibaiþ*bibānþai ?
3rd plural *bibānþi ?*bibānþau*bibānþai ?
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *bibadǭ*bibadēdį̄
2nd singular *bibadēz*bibadēdīz
3rd singular *bibadē*bibadēdī
1st dual *bibadēdū*bibadēdīw
2nd dual *bibadēdudiz*bibadēdīdiz
1st plural *bibadēdum*bibadēdīm
2nd plural *bibadēdud*bibadēdīd
3rd plural *bibadēdun*bibadēdīn
present past
participles *bibāndz*bibadaz
  • *bubjaną (“to tremble one's voice, murmur”)

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *bibēn
    • Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
      • Middle English: bivien, beovien, buvien; befien, byfien, beovien
        • English: bive
    • Old Frisian: bivia
      • North Frisian: bevern
      • Saterland Frisian: bieuwje
      • West Frisian: beevje
    • Old Saxon: bivon
      • Middle Low German: bēven
        • German Low German: beven
        • ⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
    • Old Dutch: *bivon
      • Middle Dutch: bēven
        • Dutch: beven
          • Afrikaans: bewe
          • Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
          • Negerhollands: beev, beeven
          • → Aukan: beifi
          • → Sranan Tongo: beifi
    • Old High German: bibēn
  • Old Norse: bifa
    • Icelandic: bifa
    • Faroese: biva
    • Swedish: bäva (possibly from Middle Low German)
    • Norwegian Bokmål: beve (possibly from Middle Low German)
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: biva
    • Danish: bæve (possibly from Middle Low German)
    • ⇒ Old Norse: bifra
      • Icelandic: bifra
      • Danish: bævre

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bibēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 63
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*bibōjan ~ *bibēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 45
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