< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gnināti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti (“to know, recognize”).
Inflection
| Athematic h₃-root nasal-infix present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *gnināmi | *gninamam | *gignāsū | *gegnū |
| 2nd singular | *gnināsi | *gninatās | *gignāsesi | *gegnūs |
| 3rd singular | *gnināti | *gninato | *gignāseti | *gegnū |
| 1st plural | *gninamosi | *gninamo | *gignāsomosi | *gegnamo |
| 2nd plural | *gninatesi | *gninastē | *gignāsetesi | *gegnate |
| 3rd plural | *gninonti | *gninanto | *gignāsonti | *gegnar |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *gnāsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *gnāsesi | ? | *gninā | |
| 3rd singular | *gnāseti | ? | *gninātou | |
| 1st plural | *gnāsomosi | ? | *gninamos | |
| 2nd plural | *gnāsetesi | ? | *gninate | |
| 3rd plural | *gnāsonti | ? | *gninontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *gninār | — | *gignāsūr | — |
| 2nd singular | *gninātar | — | *gignāsetar | — |
| 3rd singular | *gninātor | ? | *gignāsetor | — |
| 1st plural | *gninammor | — | *gignāsommor | — |
| 2nd plural | *gninadwe | — | *gignāsedwe | — |
| 3rd plural | *gninontor | ? | *gignāsontor | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *gnāsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *gnāsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *gnāsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *gnāsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *gnāsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *gnāsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gnātos | *gnātou | *gnātoi |
| vocative | *gnāte | *gnātou | *gnātoi |
| accusative | *gnātom | *gnātou | *gnātoms |
| genitive | *gnātī | *gnātous | *gnātom |
| dative | *gnātūi | *gnātobom | *gnātobos |
| instrumental | *gnātū | *gnātobim | *gnātobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gnātā | *gnātai | *gnātās |
| vocative | *gnātā | *gnātai | *gnātās |
| accusative | *gnātam | *gnātai | *gnātams |
| genitive | *gnātās | *gnātous | *gnātom |
| dative | *gnātai | *gnātābom | *gnātābos |
| instrumental | *? | *gnātābim | *gnātābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gnātom | *gnātou | *gnātā |
| vocative | *gnātom | *gnātou | *gnātā |
| accusative | *gnātom | *gnātou | *gnātā |
| genitive | *gnātī | *gnātous | *gnātom |
| dative | *gnātūi | *gnātobom | *gnātobos |
| instrumental | *gnātū | *gnātobim | *gnātobis |
Alternative reconstructions
- *gninati[1]
Reconstruction notes
Later in Celtic, the ablauting nasal infix -nā-/-na- was replaced by -nu- by analogy with *klinutor (“to hear”), accounting for the fact that the stem vowel i is not lowered to e in Old Irish.[2]
Related terms
Derived terms
Descendants
- Gaulish: gniiou (1st pers. sg. pres.)
- Old Irish: ·gnin
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gni-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 163
- Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 350
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