謙讓

See also: 谦让 and 謙譲

Chinese

		modest	to ask; to let; permit to ask; to let; permit; have (someone do something); to yield; to allow
trad. (謙讓)		謙	讓
simp. (谦让)		谦	让

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiānràng

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢㄖㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): him¹ joeng⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiam-niū / khiam-niō͘ / khiam-jiōng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiānràng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢㄖㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cianràng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻien¹-jang⁴
  - Yale: chyān-ràng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chianranq
  - Palladius: цяньжан (cjanʹžan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: him¹ joeng⁶
  - Yale: hīm yeuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: him¹ joeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: him¹ yêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiːm⁵⁵ jœːŋ²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam-niū
  - Tâi-lô: khiam-niū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiamniu
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiam⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam³³ niũ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam-niō͘
  - Tâi-lô: khiam-niōo
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam-jiōng
  - Tâi-lô: khiam-jiōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiamjiong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴⁻³³ ziɔŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: khem nyangH

Rime
Character	謙	讓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	添 (157)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	苦兼切	人樣切
Baxter	khem	nyangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰem/	/ȵɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰem/	/ȵiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɛm/	/ȵʑiɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɛm/	/ȵɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/kʰem/	/ȵiaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/kʰiem/	/ȵʑĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰiem/	/ȵʑi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiān	ràng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	him¹	joeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*k-r̥ˤem naŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰeːm njaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	謙	讓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiān	ràng
Middle Chinese	‹ khem ›	‹ nyang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*k-r̥ˁem/	/*naŋ-s/
English	modest	yield
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	謙	讓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6070	13649
Phonetic component	兼	襄
Rime group	談	陽
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	謙	讓
Old Chinese	/*kʰeːm/	/*njaŋs/

Verb

謙讓

to modestly decline

Synonyms

婉拒 (wǎnjù)
婉辭／婉辞 (wǎncí)
客氣／客气
推免 (tuīmiǎn) (literary)
推卻／推却 (tuīquè)
推絕／推绝 (tuījué)
推謝／推谢 (tuīxiè)
推辭／推辞 (tuīcí)
禮讓／礼让 (lǐràng)
謝絕／谢绝 (xièjué)
辭讓／辞让 (círàng)
退讓／退让 (tuìràng)

Adjective

謙讓

humble; modest; unassuming

Synonyms

徛裡／徛里 (kiê-*diē) (Eastern Min)
自謙／自谦 (zìqiān)
虛心／虚心 (xūxīn)
課謙／课谦 (Hokkien)
謙卑／谦卑 (qiānbēi)
謙抑／谦抑 (qiānyì) (literary)
謙沖／谦冲 (qiānchōng) (literary)
謙虛／谦虚 (qiānxū)
謙遜／谦逊 (qiānxùn)
顧謙／顾谦 (Hokkien)

Antonyms

驕傲／骄傲 (jiāo'ào)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (謙讓):

→ Japanese: 謙(けん)譲(じょう) (kenjō)
→ Korean: 겸양(謙讓) (gyeomyang)
→ Vietnamese: khiêm nhường (謙讓)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
謙	讓
けん Grade: S	じょう Jinmeiyō
on’yomi	kan’on

For pronunciation and definitions of 謙讓 – see the following entry.

【謙譲けんじょう】

[adjective] modest, humble

[noun] modesty, humility

[verb] to humble

(This term, 謙讓, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
謙	讓

Noun

謙讓 • (gyeomyang) (hangeul 겸양)

Hanja form^? of 겸양.

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