参る

See also: 參る

Japanese
Kanji in this term
参
まい
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
參る (kyūjitai)

Etymology

⟨mawi iru⟩ → /mawiru/ → /mairu/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

Originally a compound of 參 (mawi → mai, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of Old Japanese verb 參る (mawiru → mairu), “to go, particularly to the place or person of a social superior”, humble) +‎ 入る (iru, “to enter”).[1][2][3] Old Japanese did not allow vowel clusters, resulting in the shortening of mawi iru to mawiru.

The transitive senses are obsolete in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "参る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 参る ま​いる [máꜜìrù]
Imperative (命令形) 参れ ま​いれ [máꜜìrè]
Key constructions
Passive 参られる まいられ​る [màíráréꜜrù]
Causative 参らせる まいらせ​る [màíráséꜜrù]
Potential 参れる まいれ​る [màíréꜜrù]
Volitional 参ろう まいろ​ー [màíróꜜò]
Negative 参らない まいら​ない [màíráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 参らなかった まいら​なかった [màíráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 参ります まいりま​す [màírímáꜜsù]
Perfective 参った ま​いった [máꜜìttà]
Conjunctive 参って ま​いって [máꜜìttè]
Hypothetical conditional 参れば ま​いれば [máꜜìrèbà]

Verb

参(まい)る • (mairu) ←まゐる (mawiru)?transitive or intransitive godan (stem 参(まい)り (mairi), past 参(まい)った (maitta))

Japanese verb pair
causative 参(まい)らせる (参(まい)らせる)
active 参(まい)る (参(まい)る)
mediopassive 参(まい)る (参(まい)る)
  1. [from 720] (intransitive, humble) to go
    このエレベーターは上(うえ)へ参(まい)ります。
    Kono erebētā wa ue e mairimasu.
    This lift is going up.
    では、参(まい)ります。
    Deha, mairimasu.
    Let us start.
  2. [from early 1000s] (intransitive, humble) to come
    電(でん)車(しゃ)がまいります。 ― densha ga mairimasu. ― The train is arriving.
  3. [from late 900s] (intransitive) to visit (typically a place of social or spiritual importance, such as a noble's house or a shrine)
    墓(はか)に参(まい)る ― haka ni mairu ― to visit a grave
    神(じん)社(じゃ)に参(まい)る ― jinja ni mairu ― to visit a shrine
  4. to be overcome, to cede to a superior person or superior circumstances (by extension from the older "go to a superior" sense)
    1. [from late 1500s] (intransitive) to lose to an opponent
      参(まい)ったな。 ― maitta na. ― You got me.
    2. [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to be bothered, overwhelmed, done in by circumstances
      暑(あつ)さに参(まい)る
      atsusa ni mairu
      to be done in by the heat
    3. [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to die
    4. [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to fall for someone romantically
  5. (transitive, humble, archaic) to go to (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  6. [late 900s–???] (transitive, humble, archaic) to serve someone in some capacity, to do something for someone
  7. [1478–???] (transitive, humble, archaic) a 脇付 (wakizuke, “respectful title written after an addressee's name”) on the side of a formal letter

Conjugation
Conjugation of "参る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 参ら まいら maira
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 参り まいり mairi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 参る まいる mairu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 参る まいる mairu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 参れ まいれ maire
Meireikei ("imperative") 参れ まいれ maire
Key constructions
Passive 参られる まいられる mairareru
Causative 参らせる
参らす		 まいらせる
まいらす		 mairaseru
mairasu
Potential 参れる まいれる maireru
Volitional 参ろう まいろう mairō
Negative 参らない まいらない mairanai
Negative continuative 参らず まいらず mairazu
Formal 参ります まいります mairimasu
Perfective 参った まいった maitta
Conjunctive 参って まいって maitte
Hypothetical conditional 参れば まいれば maireba
Classical conjugation of "参る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 参らまゐらmawira
Continuative (連用形) 参りまゐりmawiri
Terminal (終止形) 参るまゐるmawiru
Attributive (連体形) 参るまゐるmawiru
Realis (已然形) 参れまゐれmawire
Imperative (命令形) 参れまゐれmawire
Key constructions
Negative 参らずまゐらずmawirazu
Contrasting conjunction 参れどまゐれどmawiredo
Causal conjunction 参ればまゐればmawireba
Conditional conjunction 参らばまゐらばmawiraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 参りきまゐりきmawiriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 参りけりまゐりけりmawirikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 参りつまゐりつmawiritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 参りぬまゐりぬmawirinu
Perfect-continuative tense 参れり
参りたり		まゐれり
まゐりたり		mawireri
mawiritari
Volitional 参らむまゐらむmawiramu

Derived terms

See also

References
  1. “参”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  5. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.