Timeline of schizophrenia lists significant events in the history of the definition and creation of the diagnostic category schizophrenia.


  • 1841: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis [1][2]
  • 1845: Esquirol created the word hallucination [3]
  • 1852: Alienist Morel first describes "démence précoce" [4][5][6]
  • 1857: Morel's degeneration-theory is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation" [7][8][9]
  • 1863: Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia [10][11][12][13]
  • 1874: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia [14][15]
  • 1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by Schüle. [16]
  • October 20 1885 - February 28 1886: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology. [17][18][19]
  • 1886: (eugenics) Forel is the first in Europe (at a hospital in Zurich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis [20][21]
  • 1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association" [22][23][24]
  • 1895: Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas" [25]
  • 1895: Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America made of: illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry [26][27][28]
  • 1899: a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook [29]
  • 1899: a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy [30]
  • 1900: Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich where Bleuler was director [31][32]
  • 1902: Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud [33]
  • 1904: Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud [34]
  • 1904: Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people" [35]
  • 1907: Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles" [21][30]
  • 1908 April 24 : Bleuler "coins" the term schizophrenia. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
  • 1909 March 7: work at the clinic of Zurich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin [49][50]
  • 1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility [51][52][53]
  • 1911: Dr Bleuler's writing MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias was published. The secondary symptoms happen because of "loosening of the associations". Association-splitting is a primary symptom;[54][55][56] disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom" [57][58] Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud. [59][60][61][62][63][64] Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox". [65][66][67][65][68][61][69][70][71]
  • 1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry [72][21]
  • 1913:
    • Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists" [73]
    • Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia [74]
  • 1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility" [75][52][76]
  • 1924: Eugen Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics. [77]
  • 1924: diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger [78][79]
  • 1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox" [80][52]
  • 1933 July 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised. [81]
  • 1938: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin [82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]
  • 1938 October 3 - 7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)" [92][52][93]
  • 1939: FRS are included in a monograph by Kurt Schneider [82]
  • 1939 July 15: Dr Bleuler dies [94][95]
  • 1939 September after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government. [96]
  • 1939 September 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia [97]
  • 1940 January: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany [96][98]
  • 1941: Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia [96]
  • 1945: about 40 000 psychiatric patients of 283 000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead
  • 1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7 [99]
  • 1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)" [100]
  • 1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)" [101]
  • 1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia" [102][52]
  • 1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses" [103][52]
  • 1990: ICD 10th revision: "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" [104][52]
  • 2002: In Japan, schizophrenia stopped being used, replaced by Japanese words which means “integration disorder”. The term used before the change was “Jungshinbunyeolbyung”.[105][106]
  • 2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia [107][108]

References

  1. ↑ M. Bürgy (2012) The Origin of the Concept of Psychosis: Canstatt 1841 1 February 2012 DOI:10.1159/000330257Corpus ID: 45412537
  2. ↑ Martin Bürgy The Concept of Psychosis: Historical and Phenomenological Aspects Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 34, Issue 6, November 2008, Pages 1200–1210, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm136 "Canstatt C., Handbuch der Medizinischen Klinik, 1841 Stuttgart, Germany"
  3. ↑ Diogo Telles-Correia, Ana Lúcia Moreira ,João S. Gonçalves Hallucinations and related concepts—their conceptual background REVIEW article Front. Psychol., 27 July 2015 Sec. Psychopathology Volume 6 - 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00991 “une certaine forme de délire”
  4. ↑ M. Morel pp.37, 38, 361 of Études cliniques: traité théorique et pratique des maladies mentales considérées dans leur nature, leur traitement, et dans leur rapport avec la médecine légale des aliénés, Volume 1 Grimblot, 1852
  5. ↑ ADITYANJEE, MD, mrcpsych, YEKEEN A. ADERIBIGBE, MD, FWCAP, D. THEODORIDIS, MD and W. VICTOR R. VIEWEG, MD Dementia praecox to schizophrenia:The first 100 years p.438
  6. ↑ Jean -Christophe Coffin "Abstract" In: Conceptions de la dégénérescence dans la psychiatrie italienne du XIXème siècle The influence of morel’s degeneration theory on Italian psychiatrists of the second half of the xixth century Psychiatr Sci Hum Neurosci 2, 46–59 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03005222
  7. ↑ Ernest L. Abel, Ph.D. Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809–1873) The American Journal of Psychiatry Volume 161 Issue 12 December 2004, published on the internet: 24 Jan 2015
  8. ↑ Stephan Karschay Degeneration and the Victorian Sciences. In: Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin de Siècle. Palgrave Studies in Nineteenth-Century Writing and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137450333_2
  9. ↑ Yavuz, Furkan Berkant. Dreams of perfection: Eugenics, Ethics and Politics from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Diss. Central European University, 2023. "Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine"
  10. ↑ C. Scharfetter Schizophrenic ego disorders – argument for body-including therapy Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich
  11. ↑ RICHARD M. WAUGAMAN M.D. A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry The American Journal of Psychiatry 1 March 2007 https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.531
  12. ↑ Prof. Dr. Gerald Stöber The Concept of Hebephrenia University of Würzburg, Germany: Strasbourg, November 15, 2013
  13. ↑ "Bailly abrégé" Ἥβη Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon
  14. ↑ Edward Shorter, Max Fink "3 Karl Kahlbaum" In: The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia (New York, 2018; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 May 2018), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190881191.003.0003, accessed 12 Nov. 2023.
  15. ↑ Dusan Hirjak, Jack R Foucher, Miriam Ams, Ludovic C Jeanjean, Katharina M Kubera, Robert Christian Wolf, Georg Northoff The origins of catatonia - Systematic review of historical texts between 1800 and 1900 Schizophr Res. 2022 Jun 13:S0920-9964(22)00208-0. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.003. Online ahead of print.
  16. ↑ Kieran McNally Dementia praecox revisited History of Psychiatry. 2013;24(4):507-509. doi:10.1177/0957154X13501454
  17. ↑ The Institute of Psycho-analysis p.9 ("Editors Note") In: The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol.3: Early Psycho-Analytic Publications Random House, 2001 ISBN 0099426544
  18. ↑ Susan Austin "Studies in medicine, neurology, and psychiatry" Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) Oxford University Press Published online: 23 September 2004This version: 06 January 2011 https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/55514
  19. ↑ Hélio A. G. TEIVE, Paula T. MARQUES, Livia P. de OLIVEIRA, Francisco M. B. GERMINIANI, Luciano de PAOLA, Carlos Henrique F. CAMARGO ("CHARCOT’S INFLUENCE ON FREUD") "FREUD AND THE TUESDAY SOIRÉES IN CHARCOT’S HOUSE" "CONCLUSION" In: Superando a timidez: como a cocaína ajudou Freud reunir coragem para se encontrar com Charcot Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 77 (11) Nov 2019 https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20190052
  20. ↑ Jack S. Blocker Jr., David M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrell p.245 In: Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia] Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 17 Dec 2003
  21. 1 2 3 Jason Luty "Psychiatry and eugenics" In: Psychiatry and the dark side: eugenics, Nazi and Soviet psychiatry Advances in psychiatric treatment (2014), vol. 20, 52–60 doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.112.010330
  22. ↑ Henry Seidenberg, M.D. (1970) The Basic Rule: Free Association—A Reconsideration Spring Meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association May 1970, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 19(1), 98-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517101900108
  23. ↑ Ray Dyer, PhD "Fräulein Elisabeth von R." In: Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud's Studies on Hysteria [1882] 1893, 1895
  24. ↑ Susan Sugarman 5 - The Analysis of Psychoneuroses Elisabeth von R. and the “Wolf Man” from Part II - Freud’s Other Works Cambridge University Press: 18 November 2022 In: Freud's Interpretation of Dreams A Reappraisal ISBN 9781009244121
  25. ↑ ZVI LOTHANE "FREUD’S PROJECT OF PSYCHOLOGY A: PART I—GENERAL SCHEME (THE BASIC HYPOTHESES)" Freud’s 1895 Project From Mind to Brain and Back Again pp.(48), 53, ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 843, Issue 1 NEUROSCIENCE OF THE MIND ON THE CENTENNIAL OF FREUD'S PROJECT FOR A SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY May 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08204.x
    The sphere of experiences appropriate to [the associative perception of an object]—the idea of the needs satisfied through the object and the movements which would bring about their satisfaction—also appear in consciousness. A fundamental part of the material substrate of memory and for the expedient employment of an object consists of Bahnen which are formed through experience within the same and between different cortical areas, and which are called association fibers because they serve the association of ideas
    — (Freud, 1888, p. 692, quoted in Amacher, 1965, p. 59 from LOTHANE, p. 53
  26. ↑ Goodheart, 2004 In: eugenics University of Vermont
  27. ↑ "On how eugenicists sought to address the "threat" to the gene pool" The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations (Review of Adam Cohen Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck ISBN 9781101980835)
  28. ↑ J.P CHAMBERLAIN (1923) CURRENT LEGISLATION EUGENICS AND THE LIMITATIONS OF MARRIAGE
  29. ↑ Kenneth S Kendler The Development of Kraepelin's Concept of Dementia Praecox: A Close Reading of Relevant Texts JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Nov 1;77(11):1181-1187. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1266.
  30. 1 2 Matthew Thomson "BEYOND SEGREGATION": p.120 In: The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics Oxford University Press, 3 Aug 2010 (Editors: Alison Bashford, Philippa Levine) ISBN 0199706530
  31. ↑ Manfred Bleuler and Rudolf Bleuler (1986). Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien: Eugen Bleuler The British Journal of Psychiatry, 149(5), 661-664. doi:10.1192/bjp.149.5.661 (ed. note: source shows Jung until "1910" but Möller, Scharfetter, Hell (here) - are thought to take precedence due to the exactitude of the date "March 7 1909" although Dr Manfred Bleuler is the son Dr Eugen Bleuler (i.e. M. Bleuler is considered false)
  32. ↑ How to pronounce "Jung" @PronounceTV
  33. ↑ Ray Dyer, PhD, B.Ed., M.Phil.(psychol.) Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939): A Brief Biography The Victoria Web
  34. ↑ Christian Maetzener The Freud-Bleuler Correspondence: German Edition Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 66(3), 549-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065118777453
  35. ↑ "Complex (Analytical Psychology)" In International dictionary of psychoanalysis by Kast, V. Call Number: Ladera: REF RC501.4.D4313 Publication Date: 2005 Pacifica Graduate Institute
  36. ↑ Ahbishekh Hulegar Ashok, John Baugh, and Vikram K. Yeragani Paul Eugen Bleuler and the origin of the term schizophrenia (SCHIZOPRENIEGRUPPE) Indian J Psychiatry. 2012 Jan-Mar; 54(1): 95–96. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.94660
  37. ↑ Paolo Fusar-Poli M.D.Pierluigi Politi M.D., Ph.D. Paul Eugen Bleuler and the Birth of Schizophrenia (1908) The American Journal of Psychiatry 1 Nov 2008 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050714
  38. ↑ Neel Burton M.D. reviewed by Jessica Schrader PSYCHOSIS A Brief History of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia through the ages. Psychology Today September 8, 2012
  39. ↑ Bernard J. Crespi (2010) Revisiting Bleuler: relationship between autism and schizophrenia The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(6), 495-495. doi:10.1192/bjp.196.6.495
  40. ↑ Gina Ryder and Christie Craft medically reviewed by Matthew Boland, PhD The History of Schizophrenia HEALTHLINE MEDIA
  41. ↑ OVERVIEW Paul Eugen Bleuler (1857—1939) Oxford University Press
  42. ↑ Stam J, et al.Historical note Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939),an early pioneer of evidence based medicine J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry June 2013 Vol 84 No 6
  43. ↑ Kieran McNally Eugene Bleuler's four As Hist Psychol . 2009 May;12(2):43-59. doi: 10.1037/a0015934.
  44. ↑ Manassa Hany; Baryiah Rehman; Yusra Azhar; Jennifer Chapman. Schizophrenia Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan
  45. ↑ Kallivayalil RA The Burgholzli Hospital: Its history and legacy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 01 Apr 2016, 58(2):226-228 https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.183772
  46. ↑ Sohee Park, Ph.D., and Katharine N. Thakkar, M.A. "Splitting of the Mind" Revisited: Recent Neuroimaging Evidence for Functional Dysconnection in Schizophrenia and Its Relation to Symptoms The American Journal of Psychiatry 1 April 2010 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10010089
  47. ↑ Patrick D. Hahn (2019) The Beginning Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21866-9_1
  48. ↑ Rachel Kelly Bloody battleground 20 JUNE 2019, THE TABLET The International Catholic News Weekly
  49. ↑ A Möller, C Scharfetter, D Hell Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler 1900-1909 Hist Psychiatry . 2002 Dec;13(52 Pt 4):445-53. doi: 10.1177/0957154X0201305206.
  50. ↑ Studies in word-association; experiments in the diagnosis of psychopathological conditions carried out at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Zurich, under the direction of C. G. Jung (translation by Dr. M.D. Eder. New York, Moffat, Yard & company 1919.)
  51. ↑ Second Revision Wolfbane Cybernetique
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 History of the development of the ICD World Health Organization
  53. ↑ Manual of the international list of causes of death, as adapted for use in England and Wales. Based on the second decennial revision by the International Commission, Paris, 1909 p.xvii HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONARY OFFICE (DARLING and SON, BACON STREET, E. 1912)
  54. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). "THEORY OF SYMPTOMS" "B. THE SECONDARY SYMPTOMS 1. The Indvidual Symptoms" (352) "2. The Origin of the Secondary Symptoms" (354-5) & "(a) The Train of Thought-Splitting" (362) In: MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien ). archive.org: International Universities Press (translated 1950 by J. Zinkin). p. 352, 354, 355, 359, 362.
  55. ↑ Andrew Moskowitz, and Gerhard Heim "Myth #3: Bleuler's Teachings on Schizophrenia Can Be Adequately Summarized by the 4 A's—for “Association, Affectivity, Ambivalence, and Autism” " In: Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration Schizophr Bull. 2011 May; 37(3): 471–479.doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr016
  56. ↑ Paul G Nestor, James J Levitt, Toshiyuki Ohtani, Dominick T Newell, Martha E Shenton, and Margaret Niznikiewicz Loosening of Associations in Chronic Schizophrenia: Intersectionality of Verbal Learning, Negative Symptoms, and Brain Structure Schizophr Bull Open. 2022 Jan; 3(1): sgac004. Published online 2022 Mar 8. doi: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac004
  57. ↑ Stephan Heckers "The Monograph" In: Bleuler and the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 37, Issue 6, November 2011, Pages 1131–1135, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr108
  58. ↑ Alfonso Ceccherini-Nelli and Timothy J. Crow Disintegration of the components of language as the path to a revision of Bleuler's and Schneider's concepts of schizophrenia Linguistic disturbances compared with first-rank symptoms in acute psychosis The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(3), 233-240. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.3.233
  59. ↑ Raskin, D. (1975). Bleuler and Schizophrenia The British Journal of Psychiatry, 127(3), 231-234. doi:10.1192/bjp.127.3.231
  60. ↑ Thomas G. Dalzell Eugen Bleuler 150: Bleuler's reception of Freud Psychiatry. 2007;18(4):471-482. doi:10.1177/0957154X07077556
  61. 1 2 Andrew Moskowitz, Gerhard Heim Eugen Bleuler's Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration Myth # 4: Bleuler's Conception of Schizophrenia Reflects a Significant Impact of Freud and Early Psychoanalytic Thought Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 37, Issue 3, May 2011, Pages 471–479, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr016
  62. ↑ Ernst Falzeder The story of an ambivalent relationship: Sigmund Freud and Eugen Bleuler In: Psychoanalytic Filiations. Routledge 2015 (1st edition)
  63. ↑ George Makari pp. 210, 254, 256 of Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis Melbourne Univ. Publishing, 2008 ISBN 052285480X
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  65. 1 2 Bleuler, Eugen (1911). Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias). archive.org: International Universities Press (translated 1950 (Trans. J. Zinkin)). p. 7. The Definition of the Disease
  66. ↑ Thomas R. Insel Rethinking schizophrenia Nature 468, 187–193 (10 November 2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09552 "Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) proposed the diagnoses of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity in an effort to advance the clinical management and scientific study of the psychoses."
  67. ↑ Alexandre Andrade Loch (2019) [Schizophrenia, Not a Psychotic Disorder: Bleuler Revisited] REVIEW article Front. Psychiatry, 10 May 2019 Sec. Public Mental Health Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00328
  68. ↑ Thomas R. Insel Rethinking schizophrenia Nature 468, 187–193 (10 November 2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09552 "One-hundred years of schizophrenia The history of schizophrenia says more in many ways about the perspectives of the observer than the observed."
  69. ↑ E. Stengel Concepts Of Schizophrenia The British Medical Journal Vol. 1, No. 5028 (May 18, 1957)
  70. ↑ Bleuler, Eugen (1911). "AUTHOR'S PREFACE" In: MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien). archive.org: International Universities Press (Translated by J. Zinkin, 1950). p. 1.
    Our knowledge of the disease group which Kraepelin established under the name of Dementia Praecox is too recent to warrant a complete description. The whole complex is still too fluid, incomplete, tentative....An additional difficulty arises with regard to the chapters on psychopathology, that is the embryonic state of contemporary psychology. We do not even have the necessary terminology for the new psychological concepts....An important aspect of the attempt to advance and enlarge the concepts of psychopathology is nothing less than the application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox. I feel certain that every reader realizes how greatly we are indebted to this author, without my mentioning his name at each appropriate point of the discussion.
  71. ↑ Kieran McNally "A psychological persuasion" "The physiological psychologist" History and philosophy Looking Back: Treasures of knowledge
    Based on experimental psychology, and on the new and invaluable psychology of Freud
    — A.A. Brill, 1909
  72. ↑ "Gerodetti, “Eugenic Family Politics and Social Democrats”." In: "Eugenics In The Swiss “Gardening State” " Leo Lucassen A Brave New World: The Left, Social Engineering, and Eugenics in Twentieth-Century Europe International Review of Social History, 55(2), 265-296. doi:10.1017/S0020859010000209
  73. ↑ R.M. Ion and M.D. Beer The British reaction to dementia praecox 1893-1913. Part 1 History of Psychiatry. 2002;13(51):285-304. doi:10.1177/0957154X0201305103
  74. ↑ Peter J. McKenna, Tomasina M. Oh Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways p.2, Cambridge University Press, 17 February 2005 ISBN 0521810752
  75. ↑ International Classification of Diseases, Revision 3 (1920) Wolfbane Cybernetic
  76. ↑ International Classification of Diseases, Revision 3 (1920) Karolinska Institute
  77. ↑ Thomas Stephens " ‘Negative value’ lives" "Eugenics movement" Reviewing the legacy of racist scientists Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR July 16, 2020
  78. ↑ Susan Lanzoni Diagnosing with Feeling: The Clinical Assessment of Schizophrenia in Early Twentieth-Century European Psychiatry n: Alberti, F.B. (eds) Medicine, Emotion and Disease, 1700–1950. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230286030_8
  79. ↑ Tudi Gozé "A Conceptual History of the Praecox Feeling" In: How to Teach/Learn Praecox Feeling? Through Phenomenology to Medical Education Front Psychiatry. 2022; 13: 819305. Published online 2022 Mar 18. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.819305
  80. ↑ E. Roesle Commission of Expert Statisticians Fourth Revision International Statistical Institute (Michel Huber), Health Organization of the League of Nations
  81. ↑ The Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler; The Reich Minister of the Interior Frick; The Reich Minister of Justice Dr. Gürtner. "§1" In: Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases (July 14, 1933) republished by German Historical Institute Washington
  82. 1 2 Angelo Picardi "A Historical Perspective" The Two Faces of First-Rank Symptoms Psychopathology (2019) 52 (4): 221–231.https://doi.org/10.1159/000503152 OCTOBER 14 2019
    in 1938. Then, the following year he mentioned FRS in a monograph
  83. ↑ Schneiderian first- and second-rank symptoms Oxford Reference
  84. ↑ Alfonso Ceccherini-Nelli, Timothy J. Crow Disintegration of the components of language as the path to a revision of Bleuler's and Schneider's concepts of schizophrenia Linguistic disturbances compared with first-rank symptoms in acute psychosis 02 January 2018 The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(3), 233-240. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.3.233
  85. ↑ Raffael Massuda Schneider’s first-rank symptoms and treatment outcome Braz J Psychiatry. 2020 Jan-Feb; 42(1): 5. Published online 2020 Jan 24. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0628 "Schneider’s conceptualization of first-rank symptoms (FRS) was a particularly important contribution to the diagnosis of schizophrenia."
  86. ↑ Marshall L. Silverstein, PhD; Martin Harrow, PhD Schneiderian First-Rank Symptoms in Schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38(3):288-293. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780280056006 " Schneider's first-rank symptoms (FRS) are recognized by many psychiatrists worldwide as definitive criteria for establishing the diagnosis of schizophrenia. "
  87. ↑ Massimo Moscarelli A major flaw in the diagnosis of schizophrenia: what happened to the Schneider's first rank symptoms 11 June 2020 Psychological Medicine, 50(9), 1409-1417. doi:10.1017/S0033291720001816
  88. ↑ Soares‐Weiser, Maayan, Bergman, Davenport, Kirkham, Grabowski, Adams, and Cochrane Schizophrenia Group (2015) First rank symptoms for schizophrenia:Summary of findings Go to: Background Role of index test(s) "Although the ICD and DSM operational criteria have superseded Schneider's list in many areas"
  89. ↑ Victor Peralta, Manuel J Cuesta (2020) Schneider's first-rank symptoms have neither diagnostic value for schizophrenia nor higher clinical validity than other delusions and hallucinations in psychotic disorders 18 September 2020 Psychological Medicine, 53(6), 2708-2711. doi:10.1017/S0033291720003293
  90. ↑ Peralta, Victor Cuesta, Manuel J. (1999) Diagnostic significance of Schneider's first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia: Comparative study between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.174.3.243
  91. ↑ Karla Soares‐Weiser, Nicola Maayan, Hanna Bergman, Clare Davenport, Amanda J Kirkham, Sarah Grabowski, Clive E Adams, and Cochrane Schizophrenia Group (2015) First rank symptoms for schizophrenia Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan; 2015(1): CD010653. Published online 2015 Jan 25. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010653.pub2 [ sample size = "5515", "80% of studies from 1970's, 1980's , 1990's ": "a sensitivity of FRS of 60%, reliance on FRS to diagnose schizophrenia in triage will not correctly diagnose around 40% of people that specialists will consider to have schizophrenia. "
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  93. ↑ Manual of the International List of Causes of Death: As Adopted for Use in the United States, Based on the Fifth Decennial Revision by the International Commission, Paris, October 3-7, 1938. Manual of Joint Causes of Death, Part 34 pp.13, 24, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940
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  98. ↑ HELENE MELANIE LEBEL HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL DAY TRUST
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  100. ↑ DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL MENTAL DISORDERS-1 p.93-4 1952
  101. ↑ "V. MENTAL, PSYCHONEUROTIC, AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS" In: INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES MANUAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES, INJURIES, AND CAUSES OF DEATH Based on the Recommendations of the Seventh Revision Conference, 1955, and Adopted by the Ninth World Health Assembly under the WHO Nomenclature Regulations Volume 1 p.11 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PALAIS DES NATIONS GENEVA 1957
  102. ↑ WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics Eighth Revision World Health Organization 12 July 1965
  103. ↑ WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics Ninth Revision World Health Organization
  104. ↑ WHO Collaborating Centres for Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision World Health Organization
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  106. ↑ Ai Aoki, Yuta Aoki, Robert Goulden, Kiyoto Kasai, Graham Thornicroft, Claire Henderson Change in newspaper coverage of schizophrenia in Japan over 20-year period Schizophrenia Research Volume 175, Issues 1–3, August 2016
  107. ↑ Geoffrey M. Reed, Michael B. First, Cary S. Kogan, Steven E. Hyman, Oye Gureje, Wolfgang Gaebel, Mario Maj, Dan J. Stein, Andreas Maercker, Peter Tyrer, Angelica Claudino, Elena Garralda, Luis Salvador-Carulla, Rajat Ray, John B. Saunders, Tarun Dua, Vladimir Poznyak, María Elena Medina-Mora, Kathleen M. Pike, José L. Ayuso-Mateos, Shigenobu Kanba, Jared W. Keeley, Brigitte Khoury, Valery N. Krasnov, Maya Kulygina, Anne M. Lovell, Jair de Jesus Mari, Toshimasa Maruta, Chihiro Matsumoto, Tahilia J. Rebello, Michael C. Roberts, Rebeca Robles, Pratap Sharan, Min Zhao, Assen Jablensky, Pichet Udomratn, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Per-Anders Rydelius, Sabine Bährer-Kohler, Ann D. Watts, Shekhar Saxena Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders World Psychiatry Volume 18, Issue February 2019
  108. ↑ ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version : 01/2023) 6A20 Schizophrenia Excerpt of "Description": "multiple mental modalities...including thinking...perception...self-experience...cognition...volition...affect...and behaviour"
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