Portal:1970s

The 1970s Portal

Clockwise from top left: U.S. President Richard Nixon doing the V for Victory sign after his resignation from office following the Watergate scandal in 1974; The United States was still involved in the Vietnam War in the early decade. The New York Times leaked information regarding the nation's involvement in the war. Political pressure led to America's withdrawal from the war in 1973, and the Fall of Saigon in 1975; the 1973 oil crisis puts the United States in gridlock and causes economic damage throughout the developed world; both the leaders of Israel and Egypt shake hands after the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978; in 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces commits the 1971 Bangladesh genocide to curb independence movements in East Pakistan, killing 300,000 to 3,000,000 people; this consequently leads to the Bangladesh Liberation War; the 1970 Bhola cyclone kills an estimated 500,000 people in the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan in November 1970, and became the deadliest natural disaster in 40 years; the Iranian Revolution of 1979 ousts Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who is later replaced by an Islamic theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini, meanwhile, American hostages would be held by Iran until 1981; the popularity of the disco music genre peaks during the mid-to-late 1970s.

The 1970s (pronounced "nineteen-seventies"; commonly shortened to the "Seventies" or the "'70s") was a decade that began on January 1, 1970, and ended on December 31, 1979.

In the 21st century, historians have increasingly portrayed the 1970s as a "pivot of change" in world history, focusing especially on the economic upheavals^[1] that followed the end of the postwar economic boom.^[2] On a global scale, it was characterized by frequent coups, domestic conflicts and civil wars, and various political upheavals and armed conflicts which arose from or were related to decolonization, and the global struggle between NATO, the Warsaw Pact, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Many regions had periods of high-intensity conflict, notably Southeast Asia, the Mideast, and Africa.

In the Western world, social progressive values that began in the 1960s, such as increasing political awareness and economic liberty of women, continued to grow. In the United Kingdom, the 1979 election resulted in the victory of its Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher, the first female British Prime Minister. Industrialized countries experienced an economic recession due to an oil crisis caused by oil embargoes by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries. The crisis saw the first instance of stagflation which began a political and economic trend of the replacement of Keynesian economic theory with neoliberal economic theory, with the first neoliberal government coming to power with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état. The 1970s was also an era of great technological and scientific advances; since the appearance of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004 in 1971, the decade was characterised by a profound transformation of computing units – by then rudimentary, spacious machines – into the realm of portability and home accessibility.

On the other hand, there were also great advances in fields such as physics, which saw the consolidation of quantum field theory at the end of the decade, mainly thanks to the confirmation of the existence of quarks and the detection of the first gauge bosons in addition to the photon, the Z boson and the gluon, part of what was christened in 1975 as the Standard Model.

In Asia, the People's Republic of China's international relations changed significantly following its recognition by the United Nations, the death of Mao Zedong and the beginning of market liberalization by Mao's successors. Despite facing an oil crisis due to the OPEC embargo, the economy of Japan witnessed a large boom in this period, overtaking the economy of West Germany to become the second-largest in the world.^[3] The United States withdrew its military forces from the Vietnam War. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led to the Soviet–Afghan War.

The 1970s saw an initial increase in violence in the Middle East as Egypt and Syria declared war on Israel, but in the late 1970s, the situation in the Middle East was fundamentally altered when Egypt signed the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty. Political tensions in Iran exploded with the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and established an Islamic republic under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini.

Selected article -

The 1976 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d'été de 1976), officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad (French: Jeux de la XXIe Olympiade) and commonly known as Montreal 1976 (French: Montréal 1976), were an international multi-sport event held from July 17 to August 1, 1976, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam on May 12, 1970, over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles. It was the first and, so far, only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada. Toronto hosted the 1976 Summer Paralympics the same year as the Montreal Olympics, which still remains the only Summer Paralympics to be held in Canada. Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010, respectively.

Twenty-nine countries, mostly African, boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations' calls for a sporting embargo. The Soviet Union won the most gold- and overall medals. (Full article...)

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... that Comtal Corporation's products were used by NASA to process digital images of the surface of Mars and flybys of Jupiter in the 1970s?
... that the manga series Sora ga Suki! depicted two male characters kissing each other although it was a taboo for manga in the 1970s?
... that American martial artist John Giordano, who taught karate to women alongside men and disabled people in the 1970s, held plays similar to kabuki theatre?
... that during W. Sterling Cary's presidency of the National Council of Churches in the 1970s, the council voted to support gay rights for the first time in its history?
... that the Guns N' Roses debut studio album Appetite for Destruction was recorded at a recording studio founded by 1970s pop duo Captain & Tennille?
... that John Kinch worked two jobs in the late 1970s, as a mail carrier and a professional football player?

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Selected biography -

Portrait by Allan Warren, 1987

Sir Edward Richard George Heath KG MBE (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005), commonly known as Ted Heath, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. Heath also served for 51 years as a Member of Parliament from 1950 to 2001. Outside politics, Heath was a yachtsman, a musician, and an author.

Born to a lady's maid and a carpenter, Heath was educated at a grammar school in Ramsgate, Kent (Chatham House Grammar School for boys) and became a leader within student politics while studying at the University of Oxford. He served as an officer in the Royal Artillery during the Second World War. He worked briefly in the Civil Service, but resigned in order to stand for Parliament, and was elected for Bexley at the 1950 election. He was promoted to become Chief Whip by Anthony Eden in 1955, and in 1959 was appointed to the Cabinet by Harold Macmillan as Minister of Labour. He later held the role of Lord Privy Seal and in 1963, was made President of the Board of Trade by Alec Douglas-Home. After the Conservatives were defeated at the 1964 election, Heath was elected as Leader of the Conservative Party in 1965, becoming Leader of the Opposition. Although he led the Conservatives to a landslide defeat at the 1966 election, he remained in the leadership, and at the 1970 election led his party to an unexpected victory. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various 1970s-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Punk pioneer Lene Lovich in 1979, with her trademark long plaited hair. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 2Line at a gas station in Maryland, June 15, 1979. (from 1970s)
Image 3Van Halen (from 1970s in music)
Image 4The world map of military alliances in 1970s: Western allies (blue), Non-aligned countries (green) and Soviet allies (red) (from 1970s)
Image 5The Eagles (from 1970s in music)
Image 6An artist impression of an American Apollo spacecraft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft docking, a propaganda portrait for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission (from 1970s)
Image 7In 1971 hotpants and bell-bottomed trousers were popular fashion trends (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 8Mao Zedong wearing gray Zhongshan suit, 1972. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 9Led Zeppelin, 1977 (from 1970s in music)
Image 10American casual attire, 1974. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 11Iranian prince Reza Pahlavi wearing Peacock Revolution-inspired velvet Nehru jacket and geometric print scarf, 1973. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 12El Tri Band founder Alex Lora, on stage with the band in 2006 (from 1970s in music)
Image 13Lisa Coleman (from 1970s in music)
Image 14Hank Williams (from 1970s in music)
Image 15Nixon displays the V-for-victory sign as he departs the White House after resigning (from 1970s)
Image 16Mid-70s Western-inspired outifts worn by country music group Asleep at the Wheel. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 17David Shire (from 1970s in music)
Image 18Debby Boone song "You Light Up My Life" had the most weeks at number one (from 1970s in music)
Image 19Death Race (1976) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 20Commodore PET (1977) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 21Park Chung Hee (from 1970s)
Image 22The 1970 Bhola cyclone, considered the 20th century's worst cyclone disaster, kills an estimated 500,000 people in the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan during November 1970. (from 1970s)
Image 23Nixon and Zhou toast, 1972 (from 1970s)
Image 24United States President Jimmy Carter and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II treaty, June 18, 1979, in Vienna, Austria (from 1970s)
Image 25Paul McCartney and Wings on the Wings Over the World tour, 1976 (from 1970s in music)
Image 26Color TV-Game (1977) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 27Three Los Angeles Chicanos in 1974. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 28Susana Giménez wearing hotpants, 1977 (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 291976 flyer advertising the racing game Fonz. (from 1970s in video games)
Image 30Steve McQueen with sideburns, 1972. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 31Pink Floyd performing The Dark Side of the Moon in 1973, the highest-selling album of the decade and one of the highest-selling of all time. (from 1970s)
Image 32Siouxsie Sioux of the English punk group Siouxsie and the Banshees. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 33Salah Zulfikar and Zubaida Tharwat in The Other Man (1973) (from 1970s)
Image 34Idi Amin (from 1970s)
Image 35Argentine fashion shoot for bell-bottoms in 1972. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 36The CN Tower was completed in 1976, becoming the world's tallest free-standing structure. (from 1970s)
Image 37Polistil VG2 Pong clone (1978), made in Italy (from 1970s in video games)
Image 38Apple II (1977) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 39American soul singer Wilson Pickett (left) during the European tour in 1970. On the right bassist arranger Pino Presti. (from 1970s in music)
Image 40Magnavox Odyssey (1972) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 41Galaxian (1979) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 42Silk scarves were popular fashion accessories for women in the 1970s. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 43Girl in 1973 with a "flicked" hairstyle. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 44British rock band Killing Floor, 1971. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 45Aldo Moro (from 1970s)
Image 46Anti-war protest against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C., on April 24, 1971. (from 1970s)
Image 47Isabel Perón becomes the first woman President of Argentina in 1974 and the first woman non-monarch head of state in the Western hemisphere. (from 1970s)
Image 48A young woman wearing a wrap dress. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 49Rigo Tovar (from 1970s in music)
Image 50Swedish model Efva Attling in a "midi" dress, with Lars Jacob, Kings Road, London, 1971. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 51Jose Jose (from 1970s in music)
Image 52Singer Billy Preston in 1974 wearing an Afro hairstyle. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 53America's first space station Skylab in orbit February 8, 1974 (from 1970s)
Image 54Elton John was one of the most commercially successful solo pop acts of the 1970s (from 1970s in music)
Image 55Henry Mancini (from 1970s in music)
Image 56Footballer George Best wore long hair in 1976. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 57Pong (1972) (from 1970s)
Image 58Flared jeans and trousers were popular with both sexes as can be seen at this East German disco party in 1977. In the socialist part of Germany (until 1990), the government regarded western influences on cultural life of their population very critical, but factually tolerated them in many fields. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 59Margaret Thatcher shortly before becoming the United Kingdom's first woman Prime Minister in 1979. Thatcher's political and economic agenda began the first government committed to neoliberalism. (from 1970s)
Image 60Billy Joel performing in Perth Western Australia in 2006 (from 1970s in music)
Image 611970 Dodge Challenger Trans Am, an example of a muscle car in the earlier part of the decade. (from 1970s)
Image 62British girls in 1975 in flared jeans (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 63AC/DC, August 1979 (from 1970s in music)
Image 64Debbie Harry of Blondie in 1977. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 65Typical mid to late 1970s Ted gear, as worn by Shakin' Stevens. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 66Clockwise from top left: U.S. President Richard Nixon doing the V for Victory sign after his resignation from office following the Watergate scandal in 1974; The United States was still involved in the Vietnam War in the early decade. The New York Times leaked information regarding the nation's involvement in the war. Political pressure led to America's withdrawal from the war in 1973, and the Fall of Saigon in 1975; the 1973 oil crisis puts the United States in gridlock and causes economic damage throughout the developed world; both the leaders of Israel and Egypt shake hands after the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978; in 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces commits the 1971 Bangladesh genocide to curb independence movements in East Pakistan, killing 300,000 to 3,000,000 people; this consequently leads to the Bangladesh Liberation War; the 1970 Bhola cyclone kills an estimated 500,000 people in the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan in November 1970, and became the deadliest natural disaster in 40 years; the Iranian Revolution of 1979 ousts Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who is later replaced by an Islamic theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini, meanwhile, American hostages would be held by Iran until 1981; the popularity of the disco music genre peaks during the mid-to-late 1970s. (from 1970s)
Image 67British rock band Led Zeppelin was one of the most popular and influential bands of the 1970s. The band's heavy, guitar-driven sound has led them to be cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal. (from 1970s)
Image 68Microvision (1979) is the very first handheld game console that used interchangeable cartridges. (from 1970s)
Image 69Loretta Lynn (from 1970s in music)
Image 70The Bee Gees dominated the 1970s music scene, and have been regarded as the decade-defining act of the 1970s. (from 1970s in music)
Image 71Singer Rod Stewart performing in 1976. He was one of the major British soft rock artists of the 1970s (from 1970s in music)
Image 72Intellivision (1979) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 73The British band The Bee Gees were one of the biggest musical acts of the 1970s leading the disco phenomenon. (from 1970s in music)
Image 74Denver with Doris Day (from 1970s in music)
Image 75By the early 1970s, miniskirts had reached an all-time popularity. This young English woman is wearing a fringed suede miniskirt, 1971. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 76In the 1970s, women's hair was usually worn long with a centre parting (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 77Example of glam rock costume worn by Roy Wood and Wizzard, early 1970s. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 78The early 1970s' fashions were a continuation of the hippie look from the late 1960s. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 79 Fairchild Channel F (1976) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 80Paul Anka in 1961 (from 1970s in music)
Image 81Apollo 17 Astronaut Gene Cernan becomes the last man on the Moon, December 13, 1972 (from 1970s)
Image 82Bob Marley, 1980 (from 1970s in music)
Image 83The Bee Gees, in 1968 (from 1970s in music)
Image 84Actress Camille Keaton in 1972. Throughout most of the decade, women preferred light, natural-looking make-up for the daytime. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 85English girl in the mid-1970s wearing a wide-sleeved shirt, belted at the waist. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 86Redd Foxx and Demond Wilson from Sanford and Son (from 1970s)
Image 87Singer Barry Manilow wears his hair longish in the soft, layered style favoured by men in the 1970s. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 88African American couple, Michigan Avenue, Chicago, July 1975 (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 89King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (from 1970s)
Image 90Two women in 1979 wear the trendy tube tops, while the woman on the far left is wearing a rayon strapless dress (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 91Kansas (from 1970s in music)
Image 92Pong arcade machine (1972) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 93Pink Floyd, 1973 (from 1970s in music)
Image 94Blondie's lead singer Debbie Harry (from 1970s in music)
Image 95Ramones's lead guitarist Johnny Ramone performing in Toronto, 1977 (from 1970s in music)
Image 96Jeanette (from 1970s in music)
Image 971973 Volvo P1800 sportwagon. (from 1970s)
Image 98British singer Rod Stewart, 1976. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 99TRS-80 (1977) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 1001979 Iranian Revolution (from 1970s)
Image 101The Vietnam War (1955–1975) (from 1970s)
Image 102Voyager 1 passing by Jupiter's Great Red Spot February 25, 1979 (from 1970s)
Image 103Concorde landing at Farnborough in September 1974 (from 1970s)
Image 104Charlie Rich (from 1970s in music)
Image 105David Bowie in the early 1970s. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 106Swedish model Ulla Jones dressed in a lurex halter top and matching flared trousers (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 107Microvision (1979) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 108Alan Bennett in 1973, wearing a wide necktie (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 109Woman in miniskirt, 1970 (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 110Haile Selassie was overthrown from power in Ethiopia, ending one of the longest-lasting monarchies in world history. (from 1970s)
Image 111Asteroids (1979) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 112Vikki Carr (from 1970s in music)
Image 113Linda Ronstadt in 1976 (from 1970s in music)
Image 114Honda Civic sold well throughout the decade. (from 1970s)
Image 115Home Pong console (museum recreation) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 116Pakistan Army Genarel A. A. K. Niazi signing surrender agreement before Sh. Jagjit Singh Aurora of Indian Army after getting defeated in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War against East Pakistan, which eventually liberated as Bangladesh later. (from 1970s)
Image 117Stevie Wonder became one of the most popular R&B artists during the 1970s. (from 1970s in music)
Image 118Fashion models in Leipzig, GDR, 1972. One of the girls is modelling a "maxi" dress. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 119VT100 (1978) (from 1970s in video games)
Image 120Herb Alpert at Schiphol Airport (1974). Alpert is the only recording artist to hit No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop chart as both a vocalist ("This Guy's in Love with You", 1968) and an instrumentalist ("Rise", 1979). (from 1970s in music)
Image 121Willie Nelson became one of the most popular country music artists during the 1970s. (from 1970s in music)
Image 122American First Lady Pat Nixon wears a shirt with the wide collar that was popular until the final years of the decade. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 123Frisbee player Ken Westerfield wearing draw string bell bottoms in the 1970s (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 124The Swedish band ABBA was one of the most commercially successful European bands of the 1970s (from 1970s in music)
Image 125Viking 1, the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars, takes this picture of the landing site in Chryse Planitia (1978) (from 1970s)
Image 126Two punks from the late 1970s (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 127Couple prom in late 1970s men wear Powder Tuxedo women wear Sleeve dress. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 128Bruce Lee fostered the popularity of martial arts cinema (from 1970s)
Image 129A wrap dress Diane von Fürstenberg designed in the 1970s (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 130British rock band Queen (pictured here in 1977) was considered to be one of the most influential bands of the '70s (as well as the '80s), along with American rock band Eagles and others (from 1970s)
Image 131A West German school girl with Schultüte in 1970, with a 'hippyish' outfit on. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 132Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat shake hands, Camp David, 1978 (from 1970s)
Image 133Los Angeles high school students, 1973. The tousled, blond surfer hair was popular for young men in southern California. (from 1970s in fashion)
Image 134A Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C., 1970 (from 1970s)

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Sources

↑ Howard Brick, "Review", American Historical Review (2012) 117#5 p 1537
↑ Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. (1992). Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience – Oxford Scholarship. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001. ISBN 9780198287414.
↑ Hays, Jeffrey (August 2012). "Economic History of Japan in the 1970a and 80s". Facts and Details. Archived from the original on 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2012-12-02.

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[1] Howard Brick, "Review", American Historical Review (2012) 117#5 p 1537

[2] Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. (1992). Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience – Oxford Scholarship. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001. ISBN 9780198287414.

[secondecon-3] Hays, Jeffrey (August 2012). "Economic History of Japan in the 1970a and 80s". Facts and Details. Archived from the original on 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2012-12-02.

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