A strongman is a type of authoritarian political leader. Political scientists Brian Bell and Dan Slater identify strongman rule as a form of authoritarian rule characterized by autocratic dictatorships depending on military enforcement, as distinct from three other categories of authoritarian rule, specifically machine (oligarchic party dictatorships); bossism (autocratic party dictatorships); and juntas (oligarchic military dictatorships).[1]

A 2014 study published in the Annual Review of Political Science journal found that strongmen and juntas are both more likely to engage in human rights violations and civil wars than civilian dictatorships.[2] However, military strongmen are more belligerent than military regimes or civilian dictatorships—i.e., they are more likely to initiate interstate armed conflict.[2] It is theorized that this is because strongmen have greater reason to fear assassination, imprisonment, or exile after being removed from power.[2] The rule of military strongmen is more likely to end through an insurgency, popular uprising, or invasion; by contrast, the rule of military regimes and civilian dictatorships are more likely to end in democratization.[2]

List

Leaders that have been classified by political scientists as strongmen include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lai, Brian; Slater, Dan (2006). "Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992". American Journal of Political Science. 50 (1): 113–126. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x. JSTOR 3694260.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Geddes, Barbara; Frantz, Erica; Wright, Joseph G. (2014). "Military Rule". Annual Review of Political Science. 17: 147–162. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-213418.
  3. ↑ Foy, Henry (21 February 2017). "Azerbaijan strongman Ilham Aliyev names wife as vice-president". Financial Times. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  4. ↑ Jessica L. P. Weeks, Dictators at War and Peace (Cornell University Press, 2014), pp. 76–80.
  5. ↑ Sadykov, Murat (4 November 2013). "Turkmenistan: Strongman Pumps Iron on Health Day". Eurasianet. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Murray, Christine; Smith, Alan (6 March 2023). "Inside El Salvador's Mega Prison: The Jail Giving Inmates Less Space than Livestock". Financial Times. Mexico City and London. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  7. ↑ Freeman, Will (16 February 2023). "Nayib Bukele's Growing List of Latin American Admirers". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  8. ↑ Hamid, Shadi (26 June 2017). "How Much Can One Strongman Change a Country?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  9. ↑ Skondrianos, Nikolaos (6 July 2021). "Will US and EU pressure soften Erdogan's brand of strongman rule?". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  10. ↑ {{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/wojciech-jaruzelski-communist-strongman-who-continues-to-divide-pol/
  11. ↑ Baranovitch, Nimrod (4 March 2021). "A Strong Leader for A Time of Crisis: Xi Jinping's Strongman Politics as A Collective Response to Regime Weakness". Journal of Contemporary China. 30 (128): 249–265. doi:10.1080/10670564.2020.1790901. ISSN 1067-0564. S2CID 225532315.
  12. ↑ "Belarus strongman Lukashenko marks 25 years in power | DW | 10 July 2019". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  13. ↑ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (19 November 2021). "'The strongman blinks': why Narendra Modi has backed down to farmers". The Guardian.
  14. ↑ Fisher, Max (7 January 2022). "Behind Kazakhstan Unrest, the 'Strongman's Dilemma'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  15. ↑ Michael L. Conniff & Gene E. Bigler, Modern Panama: From Occupation to Crossroads of the Americas (Cambridge University Press, 2019), p. 29.
  16. ↑ Fisher, Jonah (20 July 2015). "Myanmar's strongman gives rare BBC interview". BBC News. Naypyidaw. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  17. ↑ Mathieson, David Scott (2 August 2021). "Myanmar's strongman outlines a manifesto of madness". Asia Times. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  18. ↑ "Cambodia urges Myanmar junta chief to allow in aid and envoy". Reuters. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Nikkei Asia. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Hun Sen as ASEAN chairman held a video call with military strongman Min Aung Hlaing
  19. ↑ Kagan, Robert (19 March 2019). "The strongmen strike back". Brookings. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  20. ↑ "Hun Sen: Cambodia's strongman prime minister". BBC News. 27 July 2018.
  21. ↑ Neuman, Scott (27 January 2008). "Longtime Indonesian Strongman Suharto Dies at 86". NPR.
  22. ↑ "The rise of Malaysian strongman Mahathir Mohamad". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  23. ↑ Michael L. Conniff, Panama and the United States: The End of the Alliance (University of Georgia Press: 3d ed. 2012), p. 140.
  24. ↑ The New York Times: VARGAS ADOPTED 'STRONG MAN' ROLE; Held Power Longer Than Any Other Brazilian President -- Popular With the People
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