Yariri (r.) and Kamani (l.), successive rulers of the Neo-Hittite state Carchemish on a Hieroglyphic Luwian relief

The Neo-Hittite states are sorted according to their geographical position.

All annual details are BC.

The contemporary sources name the language they are written in. Those can be:

Also post-Neo-Hittite rulers and the Hittite viceroys of Carchemish are listed for completeness. Post-Neo-Hittite rulers are named as such.

Euphrates region

Carchemish (Hittite Karkamissa, Luwian Karkamis)[1][2][3]

For complete dynastic history also the Viceroys of Carchemish from the Hittite empire period are listed here.

Viceregal dynasty[4] (dynasty of Tudḫaliya I)
NameReignNotesSources
Piyassili/Šarri-Kušuḫca. 1321 - 1309first viceroy of Carchemish, son of Suppiluliuma IHittite
Sahurunuwasince 1309son of Piyassili/Šarri-KušuḫHittite
Ini-Teššub Iat the time of Hattusili III and Tudhaliya IV, about 60 yearsson of SahurunuwaHittite
Talmi-Teššubat the time of Suppiluliuma IIson of Ini-Teššub IHittite
Dynasty of Great Kings (dynasty of Tudhaliya I continued)
NameReignNotesSources
Kuzi-Teššubca. 1200/ early - mid 12th century/ 1180 - 1150[5]son of Talmi-Teššub; assumed the title of Great King of CarchemishLuwian
Mazakarhuha[3]early - mid 12th centuryreign unclearLuwian
Ir-Teššubmid/later 12th centuryreign unclear, synonym Iri-TeššubLuwian
Ini-Teššub IIca. 1100/ later 12th - early 11th centuryreign unclearAssyrian
Tudhaliyapossibly 11th or 10th centuryReign unclear, possibly succeeded Uratarhunza instead, possibly preceded Ir-Teššub insteadLuwian
x-pazitipossibly later 11th or 10th century/ possibly early 10th centurypossibly Sipaziti or Sapaziti[3]Luwian
Uratarhunzapossibly later 11th or 10th centuryson of x-pazitiLuwian
Dynasty of Suhi
NameReignNotesSources
Suhi Ipossibly early[6] 10th centuryLuwian
Astuwalamanzapossibly mid[7] 10th centuryson of Suhi I, previously read Astuwatamanza[8]Luwian
Suhi IIpossibly late[9] 10th centuryson of AstuwatamanzaLuwian
Katuwapossibly 10th or early 9th century/ ca. 880?[10]son of Suhi IILuwian
Sangaraca. 870 - 848Assyrian
Dynasty of Astiruwa
NameReignNotesSources
Astiruwaend 9th - beginning 8th century/ ca.848 - 790[11]synonym Astiru[12] or Astiru I[13]Luwian
Yaririearly - mid 8th century/ ca. 790[14]"subject of Astiruwa", regent, possibly eunuchLuwian
Kamaniearly - mid 8th century/ ca. 760[15]/ca. 738[16]son of AstiruwaLuwian
Sasturamid 8th centuryreign unclear, vizier of KamaniLuwian
son of Sastura2nd half 8th centurypossibly identical with Pisiri, possibly also known as Astiru II[13]Luwian
Pisirica. 738 - 717Assyrian

Melid (Luwian Malizi)[17][18]

Dynasty of Kuzi-Teššub (dynasty of Tudḫaliya I)
NameReignNotesSources
Kuzi-Teššubca. 1200/ early - mid 12th century/ 1180 - 1150[19]king of CarchemishLuwian
PUGNUS-mili Ilater 12th centuryson of Kuzi-TeššubLuwian
Runtiyalater 12th centuryson of PUGNUS-mili ILuwian
Arnuwanti Ilater 12th centurybrother of RuntiyaLuwian
PUGNUS-mili IIlate 12th - early 11th century/ ca. 1112[20]son of Arnuwanti I, Assyrian possibly AllumariLuwian, Assyrian?
Arnuwanti IIlate 12th - early 11th centuryson of PUGNUS-mili IILuwian
PUGNUS-mili IIIpossibly 11th or early 10th centuryreign unclearLuwian
Dynasty of CRUS + RA/I-sa
NameReignNotesSources
CRUS + RA/I-sapossibly 11th - 10th centuryname possibly TarasLuwian
Wasu(?)runtiyapossibly 11th - 10th centuryson of CRUS + RA/I-saLuwian
Halpasulupipossibly 11th - 10th centuryson of Wasu(?)runtiyaLuwian
Later rulers
NameReignNotesSources
Suwarimipossibly 11th or 10th centuryreign unclearLuwian
Maritipossibly 11th or 10th centuryson of SuwarimiLuwian
Sahwiidentical with Sahu? Then laterLuwian
Sa(?)tiruntiyaidentical with Hilaruada? Then laterLuwian
Lallimin. 853 - 835Assyrian
opponent of Zakur of Hamathearly 8th centuryidentical with Sahu/Sahwi?Aramaic
Sahuearly 8th centuryidentical with Sahwi?Urartian
unknown kingearly 8th centuryUrartian tributary, identical with Sahu?Urartian
Hilaruadaca. 784/780 - 760/750[21]Synonym Helaruada,[21] identical with Sa(?)tiruntiya?Urartian
Sulumal743 - 732Assyrian
Gunzinanuca. 720/719deposed by Assyrians, synonym GunzianuAssyrian
Tarhunazica. 719-712installed by Assyrians instead of GunzinanuAssyrian
Muwatalli713[22] - 708Assyrian Mutallu, king of Kummuh, installed by AssyriansAssyrian
Assyrian rulesince 708Assyrian
Mugallu675 - 651independent king, post-Neo-Hittite rulerBabylonian, Assyrian
x-ussica. 640son of Mugallu, post-Neo-Hittite rulerAssyrian

Kummuh (Luwian Kummaḫa, Classical Commagene)[23][2]

NameReignNotesSources
Hattusili Ica. 866 - ca. 857Assyrian Qatazilu or QataziliAssyrian
Kundašpuca. 856/853synonym KundašpiAssyrian
Suppiluliuma805 - 773Assyrian Ušpilulume, Assyrian tributaryLuwian, Assyrian
Hattusili IImid 8th centuryson of SuppiluliumaLuwian
Kuštašpica. 750/ ca. 755 - 730[24]Urartian and Assyrian tributaryUrartian, Assyrian
Muwatalli712 - 708Assyrian Mutallu, installed by AssyriansAssyrian

Masuwari/Til Barsip/Bit-Adini[25]

The two dynasties
NameReignNotesSources
Hapatilalate 10th - early 9th centurydynasty ALuwian
Ariyahinalate 10th - early 9th centurygrandson of Hapatila, dynasty ALuwian
father of Hamiyatalate 10th - early 9th centuryusurper, dynasty BLuwian
Hamiyatalate 10th - early 9th centurydynasty BLuwian
son of Hamiyataearly - mid 9th centurydynasty BLuwian
son of Ariyahinamid 9th centurydynasty ALuwian
Bit-Adini regime
NameReignNotesSources
Ahuni856/ 875 - 855[26]Assyrian

Antitaurus region, Western Syrian region

Gurgum (Luwian Kurkuma)[27][28][2]

NameReignNotesSources
Astuwaramanzalate 11th centuryLuwian
Muwatalli Iearly 10th centuryson of AstuwaramanzaLuwian
Larama Ica. 950son of Muwatalli ILuwian
Muwizilater 10th centuryson of Larama ILuwian
Halparuntiya Iearlier 9th centuryson of MuwiziLuwian
Muwatalli II858son of Halparuntiya I, Assyrian MutalluLuwian, Assyrian
Halparuntiya IIca. 853/ 855 - 830[29]son of Muwatalli II, Assyrian QalparundaLuwian, Assyrian
Larama IIlater 9th centuryson of Halparuntiya II, Assyrian PalalamLuwian, Assyrian
Halparuntiya III805 - ca. 800/780[29]son of Larama II, Assyrian QalparundaLuwian, Assyrian
Tarhulara743 - ca. 711Assyrian
Muwatalli IIIca. 711son of Tarhulara, Assyrian MutalluAssyrian

Pattin/Unqi[30][31]/Palistin[32]

Early rulers[32][33]
NameReignNotesSources
Taita11th or 10th centurypossibly Philistine, king of Tell Tayinat; also interpretable as two kings of the same name: Taita I in 11th century and Taita II in 10th centuryLuwian
Manana10th centuryLuwian
Suppiluliuma I10th centuryLuwian
Halparuntiya I10th centuryreign unclearLuwian
"Dynasty of Lubarna"
NameReignNotesSources
Labarna Ica. 875/870 - 858?Assyrian LubarnaAssyrian
Suppiluliuma II858/857Assyrian SapalulmeAssyrian
Halparuntiya II858/857 - 853Assyrian QalparundaLuwian, Assyrian
Labarna II831/829Assyrian LubarnaAssyrian
Later rulers
NameReignNotesSources
Surri831usurperAssyrian
Sasi831Assyrian tributaryAssyrian
Tutammu738Assyrian

Hamath (Luwian Imat)[34][35][36]

Early rulers
NameReignNotesSources
Toiearly 10th centurysynonym TouOld Testament (2 Samuel 8:9)
Dynasty of Parita
NameReignNotesSources
Parita1st half 9th centuryLuwian
Urahilina853 - 845son of Parita, previously read Urhilina,[36] Assyrian IrhuleniLuwian, Assyrian
Uratamica. 830/840 - 820[35]son of Urahilina, Assyrian possibly RudamuLuwian, Assyrian?
Later rulers
NameReignNotesSources
Zakurca. 800synonym ZakkurAramaic
Eni-Ilu738Assyrian
Yau-bidi720synonym Ilu-bidiAssyrian

Central and South-Eastern Anatolian region

Tabal

Divides into Tabal "Proper" and other localities.[37][31]

Tabal/Bit-Burutaš (Classical Cappadocia)[38][31][39]

NameReignNotesSources
Tuwati I837Assyrian TuattiAssyrian
Kikki837son of Tuwati IAssyrian
Tuwati IImid 8th centuryLuwian
Wasusarmaca. 740/38[40] - 730son of Tuwati II, Assyrian WassurmeLuwian, Assyrian
Hulli730 - 726Assyrian tributaryAssyrian
Ambarisca. 721 - 713son of Hulli, deposed by AssyriansAssyrian
Iškalluca. 679synonym IskalluAssyrian
Mugallu663, 651post-Neo-Hittite ruler, identical with Mugallu, king of Malatya?Assyrian
x-ussica. 640son of Mugallu, post-Neo-Hittite ruler, idental with x-ussi from Malatya?Assyrian

Atuna (Luwian Tunna)[41][31]

NameReignNotesSources
Ušḫittica. 740 - 732Assyrian
Ashwis(i)3rd quarter of 8th centuryreign unclear, identical with Ušḫitti?Luwian
Kurtica. 732[24]/ 718 - 713son of Ashwis(i), previously read Matti[42]Luwian, Assyrian

Ištunda/Ištuanda[43][31]

NameReignNotesSources
Tuhamme738 - 732Assyrian

Šinuḫtu[44][31]

NameReignNotesSources
Kiyakiya718Assyrian Kiakki oder KiakkuLuwian, Assyrian

Tuwana (Classical Tyanitis)[45][31]

NameReignNotesSources
Warpalawa Iearly 8th centuryreign unclearLuwian
Saruwani1st half 8th centuryLuwian
Muwaharani Ica. 740Luwian
Warpalawa IIca. 740 - 705/ ca. 738 - 710[40]son of Muwaharani I, Assyrian Urballa, Urballu[40]Luwian, Assyrian
Muwaharani IIend 8th centuryson of Warpalawa IILuwian

Ḫupišna (Classical Cybistra) [46][31]

NameReignNotesSources
Puhamme837Assyrian
Urimmeca. 740synonym UirimmeAssyrian

Kulummu/Til-garimmu[47][48]

NameReignNotesSources
Gurdi705Gurdī, unusual synonym Qurdī, previously read Ešpai or HidiAssyrian

Kaška[49][31]

NameReignNotesSources
Dadi-Ilu738 - 732synonym Dadi-Il or Dad-Ilu, Kaška probably identical with the Kaska of Hittite SourcesAssyrian

Cilicia

Que (Luwian Adanawa/Hiyawa, Classical Cilicia of the Plain)[50]

NameReignNotesSources
Kate858 - 831deposed by AssyriansAssyrian
Kirri831brother of Kate, installed by Assyrians instead of KateAssyrian
Awarikuca. 738 - 709/ ca. 730[51]synonym Warika, Assyrian UrikkiLuwian, Phoenician, Assyrian
Azatiwataca. 705possibly regent, reign unclearLuwian, Phoenician
son of Awarikulate 8th - early 7th centuryreign unclearLuwian, Phoenician

Hilakku (Classical Rough Cilicia)[52]

NameReignNotesSources
Pihirimmid 9th centuryAssyrian
Ambarisca. 718 - 713king of TabalAssyrian
Sandasarmeca.665[53]post-Neo-Hittite rulerAssyrian

Tanakun[54]

NameReignNotesSources
Tulli833"Prince" of TanakunAssyrian

Illubru[54]

NameReignNotesSources
Kirua696"Prince" of Illubru, post-Neo-Hittite rulerAssyrian

Kundu and Sizzu[54][55]

NameReignNotesSources
Sanduarri678/676"Prince" of Kundu and Sizzu, post-Neo-Hittite ruler, possibly identical with AzatiwataAssyrian

Pirindu/Piriddu[56][57]

NameReignNotesSources
Appuašu557synonym Appuwašu, post-Neo-Hittite rulerBabylonian

Aramaean region

Bit-Agusi/Arpad[58]

NameReignNotesSources
Gusica. 870Dynasty founderAssyrian
Hadramca. 860 - 830son of Gusi, Assyrian Adramu or ArameAssyrian
Attar-šumki Ica. 830 - 800/ 805 - 796[59]son of Hadram, synonym Bar-Guš[59]Assyrian, Aramaic
Bar-Hadadca. 800son of Attar-šumki I, reign unclearAramaic
Attar-šumki II1st half 8th centuryson of Bar-HadadAramaic
Mati-Ilumid 8th centuryson of Attar-šumki IIAramaic

Y'adiya/Bit-Gabbari

NameReignNotesSources
Gabbarca 920[60]/ca. 900 - 880Dynasty founderPhoenician
Bamahca. 880 - 865son of GabbarPhoenician
Hayyaca. 865-840[21]son of BamahPhoenician, Assyrian
Ša-ilca. 840 - 830son of HayyaPhoenician
Kilamuwaca. 830 - 820[21]brother of Ša-ilPhoenician

Sam'al/Siri'laya (Zincirli)

NameReignNotesSources
Hayyanuca. 859 - 854Dynasty founderAssyrian
Ahabbuca. 854 - 825son of Hayyanu?, confused with the biblical king AhabAssyrian
Qarlica. 825 - 790son of Ahabbu?, he unified Sam'al and Y'DYAramaic
Panamuwa Ica. 790 - 750son of Qarli, synonym Panammu[61]Aramaic
Bar-Surca. 750 - 745son of Panamuwa IAramaic
usurperca. 745 - 740Aramaic
Panamuwa IIca. 743[62] - 727son of Bar-Sur, synonym Panammu[61]Aramaic, Assyrian
Bar-Rakib727[63] - 713/711[64]son of Panamuwa IIAramaic, Luwian

Kasku/Kaska/Ktk[65]

NameReignNotesSources
Bar-Ga'yamid 8th centuryPossibly an Assyrian high official, or Tiglath-Pileser III

Zobah[66]

NameReignNotesSources
Hadad-ezerat the time of Saul and David of IsraelOld Testament ( 1 Samuel 14:47, 2 Samuel 8:3-12)

Aram-Damascus[67]

NameReignNotesSources
Ben-Hadad Ica. 960son of Tob-RimmonOld Testament (1 Kings 15:16-22)
Ben-Hadad IIca. 930son of Ben-Hadad IOld Testament (1 Kings 20-22)
Hazael I895 - 854usurperOld Testament (2 Kings 8:7-15; 13:3)
Ben-Hadad III854 - 842son of Hazael I, Aramaic Bir-Hadad, Assyrian Adad-idriAramaic, Assyrian, Old Testament (2 Kings 13:3, 24-25)
Hazael II842 - 824son of a nobody, but not a usurperAssyrian
Mari824 - 790son of Hazael II?Assyrian
Hadyan IIca. 775? - mid 8th centuryAssyrian HadiianiAssyrian
Azriau750 - 740Hebrew Azar-Yao/RezinAssyrian, Old Testament (2 Kings 16:5-9)
Raqianu740 - 727Assyrian RahianuAssyrian

Notes

  1. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 83–98, 302.
  2. 1 2 3 Marek & Frei (2010), p. 803.
  3. 1 2 3 Weeden (2013), p. 9.
  4. ↑ Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2002), p. 315.
  5. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 115.
  6. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  7. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  8. ↑ Payne (2012), p. 6.
  9. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  10. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 91.
  11. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  12. ↑ Bryce (2012), p. 94.
  13. 1 2 Bryce (2012), p. 98.
  14. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  15. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  16. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 90.
  17. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 98–110, 293, 303–304.
  18. ↑ Marek & Frei (2010), p. 804.
  19. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 115.
  20. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 10.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Leick (2002), p. 92.
  22. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 110.
  23. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 110–114, 304.
  24. 1 2 Leick (2002), p. 95.
  25. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 115–121, 168–169, 304.
  26. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 8.
  27. ↑ Payne (2012), pp. 7, 52.
  28. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 122–128, 305.
  29. 1 2 Leick (2002), p. 65.
  30. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 128–133, 305–306.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Marek & Frei (2010), p. 802.
  32. 1 2 Weeden (2013), p. 15.
  33. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 128f.
  34. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 133–138, 306.
  35. 1 2 Payne (2012), p. 8.
  36. 1 2 Payne (2012), p. 59.
  37. ↑ Bryce (2012), p. 141.
  38. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 141–145, 293, 306–307.
  39. ↑ Payne (2012), p. 9.
  40. 1 2 3 Leick (2002), p. 175.
  41. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 145–147, 307.
  42. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 94.
  43. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 147, 307.
  44. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 148, 307.
  45. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 148–152, 307.
  46. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 153, 307.
  47. ↑ Glassner (2004), pp. 174–175.
  48. ↑ Dalley (1999), pp. 74.
  49. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 265, 267.
  50. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 38, 153–161, 308.
  51. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 172.
  52. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 38, 161–162, 308.
  53. ↑ Berndt-Ersöz (2008), p. 23.
  54. 1 2 3 Jasnik & Marino (2005), p. 6.
  55. ↑ Payne (2012), p. 5.
  56. ↑ Glassner (2004), pp. 230, 232–233.
  57. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 19.
  58. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 165–168, 308.
  59. 1 2 Leick (2002), p. 33.
  60. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 60.
  61. 1 2 Leick (2002), p. 128.
  62. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  63. ↑ Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.
  64. ↑ Leick (2002), p. 38.
  65. ↑ Bryce (2012), p. 179.
  66. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 179–180.
  67. ↑ Bryce (2012), pp. 175–178, 309.

References

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  • Bryce, Trevor (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921872-1.
  • Dalley, Stephanie (1999). "Sennacherib and Tarsus". Anatolian Studies. 49 (4): 73–80. doi:10.2307/3643063. JSTOR 3643063. S2CID 162371873.
  • Gilibert, Alessandra (2011). Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022225-8.
  • Glassner, Jean-Jaques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 1-58983-090-3.
  • Jasnik, Anna Margherita; Marino, Mauro (2005). "The West-Anatolian origins of the Que kingdom Dynasty". VI Congresso Internazionale di Ittitologia. Rome.
  • Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2002). Die Hethiter und ihr Reich. Das Volk der 1000 Götter. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag. ISBN 3-8062-1676-2.
  • Leick, Gwendolyn (2002) [1999]. Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13231-2.
  • Marek, Christian; Frei, Peter (2010). Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike. Munich: Verlag C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-59853-1.
  • Payne, Annick (2012). Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-269-5.
  • Weeden, Mark (2013). "After the Hittites: The Kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in Northern Syria" (PDF). Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 56 (2): 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00055.x.

See also

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