Map showing Israel and the Palestinian Territories as outlined by the Oslo Accords. The Jordan River is on the right, and the Mediterranean Sea is on the left.

"From the river to the sea" (Arabic: من النهر إلى البحر, romanized: min an-nahr 'ilā l-baḥr; Palestinian Arabic: من المياه للمياه, romanized: min al-mayeh lil-mayeh, lit. 'from the water to the water'[1][2]) is a political slogan that refers geographically to the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, an area also described as Palestine and Eretz Israel,[3] which currently includes the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories: the West Bank, which includes East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.[4][5]

The phrase was popularised in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation creating a democratic state freeing Palestinians from oppression from Israeli as well as from other Arab regimes such as Jordan and Egypt.[6][7] In the 1960s, the PLO used it to call for a democratic secular state encompassing the entirety of mandatory Palestine which was initially stated to only include the Palestinians and the descendants of Jews who had lived in Palestine before the first Aliyah, although this was later expanded.[8][9] Palestinian progressives use it to call for a united democracy over the whole territory.[10] while others say "it's a call for peace and equality after ... decades-long, open-ended Israeli military rule over millions of Palestinians."[11]

This slogan has come under international scrutiny following its usage by various Palestinian factions, particularly since Islamist militant faction Hamas used the phrase in its 2017 charter. Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad used it as part of a call for the destruction of Israel and for the establishment of an Islamic state within the same borders.[12][13][14] The slogan's usage by such Palestinian militant groups has led critics to argue that the slogan implicitly advocates for the dismantling of Israel, and a call for the removal or extermination of the Jewish population.[15][16][17][18] It has come under scrutiny in the United States and Europe, where some countries have considered criminalizing its use.[19][20]

The 1977 election manifesto of the right-wing Israeli Likud party, states "Between the sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."[21][22][23] Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians.[24]

Context

According to Elliott Colla in a Mondoweiss article, the relevant historical context for understanding the 'from the river to the sea' slogan is the history of partition and fragmentation in Palestine, along with Israeli appropriation and annexation of Palestinian lands.[25] Colla cites the 1947 UN Partition plan for Palestine, which proposed to divide the land between the river and the sea; the 1948 Nakba, in which that plan materialized; the 1967 War, after which Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza; the Oslo Accords, which fragmented the Palestinian territory in the West Bank into Palestinian enclaves or "an archipelago of Bantustans surrounded by Israeli settlements, bases, and checkpoints;" and the Israeli separation wall first erected after the Second Intifada.[25]

Israeli-American historian Omer Bartov notes that the Revisionist movement of Zionism led by Vladimir Jabotinski, which spoke of establishing a Jewish state in all of Palestine, had a song called "The East Bank of the Jordan" with the slogan: "The Jordan has two banks; this one is ours, and the other one too," intimating a state with borders extending beyond the Jordan River.[26]

History of the phrase

The precise origins of the phrase are disputed.[27]According to American historian Robin D. G. Kelley, the phrase "began as a Zionist slogan signifying the boundaries of Eretz Israel."[3] Kelley writes that the phrase was adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization in the mid-1960s; the 1964 charter of the PLO's Palestinian National Council called for "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety". The 1964 charter stated that "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine", specifically defining "Palestinian" as those who had "normally resided in Palestine until 1947".[3][28] In the 1968 revision, the charter was further revised, stating that "Jews who had resided normally in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion" would be considered Palestinian.[28] According to Maha Nassar of the University of Arizona, the phrase was popularized in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation, creating a democratic state and freeing Palestinians from oppression from Israeli as well as from other Arab regimes such as Jordan and Egypt.[6][7]

In 1977, the concept appeared in an election manifesto of the Israeli political party Likud, which stated that “between the sea and the Jordan there will be only Israeli sovereignty.”[29][30]

For Elliott Colla, "it is unclear when and where the slogan "from the river to the sea," first emerged within Palestinian protest culture."[25] In November 2023, Colla wrote that he had not encountered the phrase "min al-nahr ila al-bahr" or "min al-mayyeh lil-mayyeh" in Palestinian revolutionary media of the 1960s and 1970s and noted that "the phrase appears nowhere in the Palestinian National Charters of 1964 or 1968, nor in the Hamas Charter of 1988."[25]

In 1979, the phrase was invoked by delegates attending the Palestine Congress of North America.[31]

Colla notes that activists of the First Intifada (1987-1993) "remember hearing variations of the phrase in Arabic from the late 1980s onwards" and that the phrases have been documented in graffiti from the period in works such as Saleh Abd al-Jawad's "Faṣā'il al-ḥaraka al-waṭaniyya al-Filasṭīniyya fi-l-arāḍī al-muḥtalla wa-shu'ārāt al-judrān" (1991) and Julie Peteet's "The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada" (1996).[25]

The phrase appeared in a 2021 B'Tselem report entitled "A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid" that described Israel's de facto rule over the territory from the river to the sea, through its occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip, as a regime of apartheid.[32][33]

Protest chant variations

The concept of 'from the river to the sea' has appeared in various protest chants, typically as the first line of a rhyming couplet.

In Arabic

The version min an-nahr 'ilā l-baḥr / Filasṭīn satatḥarrar (من النهر إلى البحر / فلسطين ستتحرر 'from the river to the sea / Palestine will be free') has a focus on freedom.[34]

The version min al-mayyeh lil-mayyeh / Filasṭīn ʿarabiyyeh (من المياه للمياه / فلسطين عربية 'from the water to the water / Palestine [is] Arab') has an Arab nationalist sentiment, and the version min al-mayyeh lil-mayyeh / Filasṭīn Islamiyyeh (من المياه للمياه / فلسطين إسلامية 'from the water to the water / Palestine [is] Islamic') has Islamic sentiment.[35] According to Colla, scholars of Palestine attest to the documentation of both versions in the graffiti of the late 1980s, the period of the First Intifada.[35]

In English

'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free'—the translation of min an-nahr 'ilā l-baḥr / Filasṭīn satatḥarrar—is the version that has circulated among English speakers expressing solidarity with Palestine since at least the 1990s.[35]

Usage

Use by militant groups

"From the river to the sea" has been adopted by several jihadist militant groups, Islamic fundamentalist groups, and terrorist organizations in the Near East and Middle East. Hamas, as part of its revised 2017 charter, rejected "any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea", referring to all areas of former Mandatory Palestine and by extension, the end of Jewish sovereignty in the region.[12][13][24] Islamic Jihad declared that "from the river to the sea – [Palestine] is an Arab Islamic land that [it] is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize.[14] Islamic supporters have utilized a version stating "Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea", with certain Islamic scholars declaring that the Mahdi – a redemptive apocalyptic figure central to Islamic eschatology – will declare "Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine – all of it, from the river to the sea – is Arab Muslim."[36][37]

The phrase has been linked to Hamas since their founding in 1988 with their founding charter seeking "to confront the Zionist invasion and defeat it", however the phrase did not feature in Hamas's official positions until 2017.[38] The first usage of the phrase was as part of its 2017 revised platform where they state "Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea [...] along the lines of the 4th of June 1967".[39][40][41]

Use by the Israeli right

The phrase was also used by the Israeli ruling Likud party as part of their 1977 election manifesto which stated "Judea and Samaria will not be handed to any foreign administration; between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."[22][8][21] This slogan was repeated by Menachem Begin.[42] Similar wording has also been used more recently by other Israeli politicians, like Gideon Sa'ar and also Uri Ariel of The Jewish Home. In 2014 Ariel said, "Between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea there will be only one state, which is Israel."[24]

The phrase has been used by the Israeli Prime Minister, Likud's Benjamin Netanyahu, in speeches.[27]

Use internationally

Iran

Iranian president Ebrahim Raisi, in 2023, has used the phrase in saying "The only solution is a Palestinian state from the river to the sea", referring that the only solution to solve the conflict would be a Palestinian state encompassing all of what was Mandatory Palestine and now includes both Israel and the Palestinian territories.[43][44][45]

United Kingdom

On 30 October 2023, British Member of Parliament Andy McDonald was suspended from the Labour Party after stating in a pro-Palestine rally speech: "We won't rest until we have justice, until all people, Israelis and Palestinians, between the river and the sea can live in peaceful liberty". The party described McDonald's comment as "deeply offensive".[46][47] McDonald said at the time "These words should not be construed in any other way than they were intended, namely as a heart felt plea for an end to killings in Israel, Gaza, and the occupied West Bank, and for all peoples in the region to live in freedom without the threat of violence."[11]

As of 1 November 2023, the UK Football Association barred the use of the slogan by its players, stating they made clear to teams "that this phrase is considered offensive to many" and that the league will seek police guidance on how [they] should treat it and respond" if players are found to have used it.[48]

United States

On November 30, 2018, CNN fired American academic Marc Lamont Hill from his position as a political commentator after he delivered a speech at the United Nations on the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People[3][49][50] ending with the words: "...we have an opportunity, to not just offer solidarity in words, but to commit to political action, grassroots action, local action, and international action that will give us what justice requires. And that is a free Palestine, from the river to the sea."[51] Critics focused on his use of the phrase 'from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' because Hamas also uses it.[3] The ADL accused Hill of using the phrase "from the river to the sea" as code for the destruction of Israel.[49] Hill apologized but later tweeted ""You say "River to the Sea" is "universally" understood to mean the destruction of the Jewish State? On what basis do you make this claim? Did it signify destruction when it was the slogan of the Likud Party? Or when currently used by the Israeli Right?"[24]

On 7 November 2023, United States Representative Rashida Tlaib was censured by the House of Representatives in part for using the slogan,[52] which Tlaib defended as "an aspirational call for freedom, human rights and peaceful coexistence, not death, destruction or hate". Before the vote, House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries criticized the phrase as something which is "widely understood as calling for the complete destruction of Israel".[53] On 8 November 2023, the White House condemned Tlaib for using the phrase. White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said that "when it comes to the phrase that was used, 'from the river to the sea,' it is divisive, it is hurtful, many find it hurtful and many find it antisemitic," and added that the White House "categorically reject[s] applying the term to the (2023 Israel–Hamas) conflict."[54]

Use on social media

The phrase has been used across social media,[55][56] including on Tik Tok.[57]

On November 15, 2023, Jewish influencers and celebrities confronted of Tik Tok executives in a private call, to press them to moderate use of the phrase on the platform. Adam Presser, head of operations for Tik Tok, stated that only content "where it is clear exactly what they mean...that content is violative and we take it down," adding that if "someone is just using it casually, then that has been considered acceptable speech." In a statement, Tik Tok said that content using the phrase "in a way that threatens violence and spreads hate" is not allowed on the platform.[57]A report by Fortune described an additional Zoom call between "about 40 mostly Jewish tech leaders," including Anthony Goldbloom, and Tik Tok executives, on November 16, claiming that the platform's algorithm favored "content that supports Palestine over pro-Israel content" and pushing the platform to "reexamine its community guidelines", with the company rejecting "blunt comparisons" of hashtags on the platform and stating that the imbalance of content is not the result of "any kind of intended or unintended bias in its algorithms."[58] On November 17, 2023, Elon Musk, the owner of Twitter, announced a policy change, stating that users who use terms like "decolonization" and "from the river to the sea," or similar expressions would be suspended. He claimed these terms were used as euphemisms for extreme violence or genocide, .[59] Musk's announcement came after he was criticized for "endorsing an antisemitic post" on the platform two days before, and companies such as IBM, Comcast, Apple, Paramount Global, Disney, and Lionsgate announced a pause of ads on the platform.[60][61][62]

Jonathan Greenblatt, the CEO of the Anti-Defamation League applauded Musk's action on November 17, calling it "an important and welcome move" and praising his "leadership in fighting hate."[61] Rolling Stone stated that it was "doubtful" that Twitter users would be suspended for "repeating either phrase."[59] Noah Lanard of Mother Jones wrote that the new policy would "presumably apply only to those who use the phrase [from the river to the sea] in support of Palestinians" and argued that Musk is "trying to cover up for his own bigotry."[63] Pro-Palestinian users criticized Musk's new policy, arguing he was conflating legitimate political speech with "calls for violence" and was "limiting free speech."[64]

Civic usage

Pro-Palestinian rally in London, 9 October 2023
Pro-Palestinian rally in Columbus, Ohio, 12 October 2023

The slogan has been used widely in pro-Palestinian protest movements.[65] It has often been chanted at pro-Palestinian demonstrations, usually followed or preceded by the phrase "Palestine will be free" (the phrase rhymes in English, not Arabic).[66][67][68][69] Interpretations differ amongst supporters of the slogan. In a survey conducted by the Arab World for Research and development on November 14, 74.7% Palestinians agreed that they support a single Palestinian state "from the river to the sea." whilst only 5.4% of respondents supported a "one-state for two peoples" solution.[70][71][72]

Civic figures, activists, and progressive publications have said that it calls for a one-state solution: a single, secular state in all of Historic Palestine where people of all religions have equal citizenship.[73] This stands in contrast to the two-state solution, which envisions a Palestinian state existing alongside a Jewish state.[10][74][75][76] This usage has been described as speaking out for the right of Palestinians "to live freely in the land from the river to the sea", with Palestinian writer Yousef Munayyer describing the phrase as "a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination."[77] Others have said it stands for "the equal freedom and dignity of the Palestinian people."[74][9] Elliott Colla traces the first evidence of use of the phrase in Palestinian protest culture to the First Intifada (1987-1993), with documentation in graffiti from the period.[78][79][80]

On November 8, 2023, Amazon told Newsweek that they would not be removing pro-Palestinian merchandise, including garments bearing the slogan, stating that the items do not "contravene our policies," which prohibit sale of products which "promote, incite, or glorify hatred, violence, racial, sexual, or religious intolerance."[81]

Criticism

Some politicians and advocacy groups such as the Anti-Defamation League[7] and American Jewish Committee consider the phrase to be antisemitic, hate speech and incitement to genocide,[15][82] suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self-determination in their "ancestral homeland", or advocates for their removal or extermination.[20][18][83] Such critics of the slogan claim that it has been explicitly used to call for the land to be placed entirely under Arab rule at the cost of the State of Israel and its Jewish citizens.[84][16][17][14]

On 9 November 2023, Harvard University president, Claudine Gay, condemned the phrase.[85]

Response to criticism

Palestinian-American writers such as Yousef Munayyer and University of Arizona professor Maha Nassar have written that accusations that the slogan is a call to genocide, rely on racist and Islamophobic assumptions about Palestinian intent.[75][86]

Nadia Abu El Haj notes that critics who characterize the slogan as "threatening," "intimidating," or a call to "genocidal violence" when it is used in support of Palestine do not make equivalent claims when the slogan is used by Israelis.[87]

In describing the criticism of the phrase, scholar of political slogans in the Arab world Elliott Colla writes:

It is the first phrase of the slogan—"from the river to the sea"—that has caused so much fury. Dominant Jewish communal institutions, most prominently the ADL and AJC, have insisted that this phrase is antisemitic. Throughout recent years, they have composed new definitions of antisemitism that render many common expressions of Palestine solidarity as ipso facto instances of anti-Jewish hate speech … the slogan "from the river to the sea" figures prominently in their accusations of antisemitic doublespeak.[78]

In August 2023, the Dutch court of appeal ruled that the phrase was protected on free speech grounds, being "subject to various interpretations", including those that "relate to the state of Israel and possibly to people with Israeli citizenship, but do not relate to Jews because of their race or religion".[88]

Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the British home secretary at the time, Suella Braverman, proposed prosecuting those using the slogan in certain contexts.[89] On 11 October 2023, Vienna police banned a pro-Palestinian demonstration, citing the inclusion of the phrase "from the river to the sea" in invitations, as a justification.[18][90]

A majority of the Dutch parliament declared the phrase to be a call for violence. However the judiciary refused to prosecute on these grounds stating the phrase relates "to the state of Israel and possibly to people with Israeli citizenship, but does not relate to Jews because of their race or religion". The decision was later upheld by the Dutch Supreme Court.[91][19][56]

Politicians in Austria have also considered declaring use of the phrase to be a criminal offense, with Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer saying that the phrase would be interpreted as a call for murder.[92][93]

On November 5, 2023, in Tallinn (Estonia), the police opened criminal proceedings against five rally participants who used the slogan "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free".[94]

On November 11, 2023, the slogan was banned in Bavaria (Germany), and "the prosecutor's office and the Bavarian police warned that henceforth the use of this slogan, regardless of language, will be considered as the use of symbols of terrorist organizations. This may result in punishment of up to three years in prison or a fine."[95]

On November 16, 2023, it was reported that users of the slogan may now face criminal prosecution in the Czech Republic.[96][97][98]

On November 17, 2023, it was reported that the case of a man charged by the police in Calgary, Canada for using the phrase, had been stayed.[99]

See also

References

  1. ↑ سلامة غمري, هبة (3 November 2023). "«فلسطين من النهر إلى البحر».. ماذا يعني الشعار ومن أين جاء؟". Icona - Al-Masry Al-Youm.
  2. ↑ عرب ٤٨ (2 November 2017). "الاحتلال يقمع وقفة منددة بوعد بلفور بالقدس". موقع عرب 48. Retrieved 13 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Kelley 2019.
  4. ↑ "The culture war over the Gaza war". The Economist. 28 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Stripling, Jack (31 December 2023). "Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence. It's happening". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  6. 1 2 Nassar, Maha (3 December 2018). "'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". The Forward. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 Hernandez, Joe (9 November 2023). "How interpretations of the phrase 'from the river to the sea' made it so divisive". NPR. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  8. 1 2 Kelley 2019: "During the mid-1960s, the PLO embraced the slogan, but it meant something altogether different from the Zionist vision of Jewish colonization. Instead, the 1964 and 1968 charters of the Palestine National Council (PNC) demanded "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety" and the restoration of land and rights-including the right of self-determination-to the indigenous population. In other words, the PNC was calling for decolonization, but this did not mean the elimination or exclusion of all Jews from a Palestinian nation-only, the settlers or colonists. According to the 1964 Charter, "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine.' ... Thus, by 1969, "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" came to mean one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel"
  9. 1 2 "'From the river to the sea': Why a chant for the freedom of an occupied people became so provocative". Dawn.com. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
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  11. 1 2 "'From the river to the sea': Why a 6-word phrase sparks fury and passion over the Israel-Hamas war". AP News. 10 November 2023.
  12. 1 2 "A Document of General Principles and Policies (Hamas General Charter, rev. 2017)" (PDF). FAS. Hamas. Retrieved 27 October 2023. Hamas believes that no part of the land of Palestine shall be compromised or conceded, irrespective of the causes, the circumstances and the pressures and no matter how long the occupation lasts. Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea.
  13. 1 2 Nassar, Maha (3 December 2018). "'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". The Forward. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 "Islamic Jihad Movement". AlJazeera.net. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 October 2023. الالتزام بأن فلسطين -من النهر إلى البحر- أرض إسلامية عربية يحرم شرعا التفريط في أي شبر منها، والوجود الإسرائيلي في فلسطين وجود باطل، يحرم شرعا الاعتراف به. [The commitment that Palestine - from the river to the sea - is an Arab Islamic land that is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of it, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize it.]
  15. 1 2 Malik, Kenan (23 May 2021). "From the river to the sea, Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2023. "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free," runs a Palestinian slogan. Originally a call for a secular state in historic Palestine between the river Jordan and the Mediterranean, it soon became a sectarian slogan, deeply inflected by antisemitism. In the hands of Hamas, it is a call for the driving out of all Jews from the region; at best, a demand for ethnic cleansing, at worst for genocide.
  16. 1 2 Muslih, Muhammad (1 July 1990). "Towards Coexistence: An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council". Journal of Palestine Studies. 19 (4): 3–29. doi:10.2307/2537386. ISSN 0377-919X. PLO and its leaders remained at bottom committed to Israel's destruction
  17. 1 2 Trigano, Shmuel (2019). "Deconstructing the Three Stages of the Nakba Myth". Jewish Political Studies Review. 30 (3/4): 45–54. ISSN 0792-335X. Meanwhile the endeavor to exterminate the Jews and destroy the state
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  20. 1 2 Eichner, Itamar (25 October 2023). "Austria's Nehammer says pro-Hamas chants will become criminal offense". Ynetnews. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  21. 1 2 Laquer, Walter; Rubin, Barry (2001). The Israel-Arab reader: a documentary history of the Middle East conflict. Penguin Books. pp. 206–207.
  22. 1 2 "Likud Party: Original Party Platform 1977". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  23. ↑ "'From the river to the sea': where does the slogan come from and what does it mean?".
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  26. ↑ ""من النهر إلى البحر" شعار أثار الجدل في أوروبا وبريطانيا، فما تاريخ هذا الشعار؟". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). 14 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  27. 1 2 Coryton, Demitri (22 November 2023). ""From the river to the sea" – is this slogan anti-Semitic?". Education Journal (542).
  28. 1 2 Muslih, Muhammad (Summer 1990). "Towards Coexistence: An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council". Journal of Palestine Studies. University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies. 19 (4): 10. JSTOR 2537386.
  29. ↑ "Original Party Platform of the Likud Party". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  30. ↑ "Zionism's Political Unconscious". Verso. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  31. ↑ Turki, Fawaz (1980). "The Passions of Exile: The Palestine Congress of North America". Journal of Palestine Studies. 9 (4): 38. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  32. ↑ Iraqi, Amjad (12 January 2021). "Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  33. ↑ "B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid". Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  34. ↑ Ioanes, Ellen (24 November 2023). "The controversial phrase "from the river to sea," explained". Vox. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  35. 1 2 3 "On the history, meaning, and power of "From the River To the Sea"". Mondoweiss. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  36. ↑ Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul F. (1 February 2005). The Road to Martyrs' Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-802756-0. ... a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan 'Palestine is ours from the river to the sea,' which in the hands of the Islamists became 'Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea.'
  37. ↑ Cook, David (1 August 2008). Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Syracuse University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8156-3195-8. Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine – all of it, from the river to the sea – is Arab Muslim, and there is no place in it for any who depart from peace or from Islam, other than those who submit to those standing under the rule of Islam.
  38. ↑ "The Avalon Project: Hamas Covenant 1988". Avalon Project. 18 August 1988. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
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  40. ↑ "Hamas in 2017: The document in full". Middle East Eye. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  41. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun; Stack, Liam (9 November 2023). "What Does 'From the River to the Sea' Mean?". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  42. ↑ Steinberg, Gerald M.; Rubinovitz, Ziv (2019). Menachem Begin and the Israel-Egypt Peace Process Between Ideology and Political Realism. Indiana University Press. p. 1976.
  43. ↑ "Iran's Raisi: The only solution is 'a Palestinian state from the river to the sea'". Times of Israel. 11 November 2023. "The only solution for this conflict is the resistance continuing against the Israeli oppression until the establishment of the Palestinian state from the river to the sea," he says, echoing protest chants seen as calling for the destruction of Israel.
  44. ↑ "Establishment of Palestinian state is 'only solution': Iran's Raisi". en.royanews.tv. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  45. ↑ Bureau, The Hindu (11 November 2023). "Israel-Hamas war, Day 36 LIVE updates | Iran's Raisi hails Hamas, urges Islamic states' sanctions on Israel". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  46. ↑ Boffey, Daniel (31 October 2023). "'From the river to the sea': where does the slogan come from and what does it mean?". the Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  47. ↑ Gutteridge, Nick (30 October 2023). "Labour MP Andy McDonald suspended over 'between the river and the sea' speech". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  48. ↑ "FA will consult police if players use 'river to sea' phrase on social media". The Guardian. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023. After careful consideration, we will be writing to all clubs to make it clear that this phrase is considered offensive to many, and should not be used by players in social media posts. "The player has apologised and deleted the tweet. We are strongly encouraging clubs to ensure that players do not post content which may be offensive or inflammatory to any community. "If this phrase is used again by a football participant, we will seek police guidance on how we should treat it and respond.
  49. 1 2 "CNN fires analyst Marc Lamont Hill after UN speech on Israel". AP News. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  50. ↑ Kelley 2019, p. 77.
  51. ↑ Hill 2018.
  52. ↑ "House censures Rep. Rashida Tlaib over Israel remarks". NBC News. 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  53. ↑ Guo, Kayla (7 November 2023). "House Moves Closer to Censuring Tlaib, Citing 'River to the Sea' Slogan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023.
  54. ↑ Friedman, Lisa (8 November 2023). "The White House condemns Rashida Tlaib's embrace of the 'River to the Sea' slogan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
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