| Cowlitz | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Southwestern Washington |
| Ethnicity | 200 Cowlitz people (1990)[1] |
| Extinct | 1960s[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cow |
| Glottolog | cowl1242 |
Cowlitz (Cowlitz: ƛʼpúlmixq),[2] also known as Cowlitz Salish,[3] is a Tsamosan language of the Coast Salish family of Salishan languages. It is spoken by the Lower Cowlitz people of the Cowlitz Indian Tribe. Although it went extinct in the 1960s, it is being revitalized by the Cowlitz Tribe.
Cowlitz people
The Cowlitz people were originally two distinct tribes: the Lower Cowlitz and the Upper Cowlitz, sometimes called the Taidnapaum. Only the Lower Cowlitz originally spoke Cowlitz. The Upper Cowlitz spoke a Sahaptin language.[4]
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | lateral | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | |||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | l | j | w | |||||
| glottalized | mˀ | nˀ | lˀ | jˀ | wˀ | ||||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e eː | ə | oː |
| Open | a aː |
Vocabulary
Cowlitz is most similar to Lower Chehalis, another Tsamosan language, although it contains some oddities, such as the word for one, utsus (in contrast to the Lower Chehalis paw).
| English | Cowlitz |
|---|---|
| Lower Cowlitz tribe | Sł'púlmš |
| one (number) | utsus |
| two | salli |
| three | kałi |
| four | mus |
| five | tsilats |
| to sing | ilani |
| moon/sun | Łuqał |
| dog | kaxa |
| water | kal'l |
| man | siłimx |
| woman | kuwił |
References
- 1 2 Cowlitz at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ↑ "Cowlitz Coast Salish Dictionary". Cowlitz Salish Dictionary. Cowlitz Indian Tribe. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
- ↑ "Cowlitz Salish Language Learning". Cowlitz Salish. The Language Conservancy. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
- ↑ "Our Story". The Cowlitz Indian Tribe. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
- 1 2 Kinkade, Marvin Dale (2004). Cowlitz dictionary and grammatical sketch. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. pp. 219–224.
- Native-Languages.org.
- Kinkade, Dale. Cowlitz Dictionary And Grammatical Sketch. Missoula: University of Montana Press, 2004.
See also
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