Comparison of user features of chatbots refers to a comparison of the general user features of major chatbot applications or web interfaces, in a narrative format.It is a comparison of basic roles and the most prominent features. It does not encompass a full exhaustive comparison or description of all technical details of all chatbots. It also includes the most important features of the chatbots origins, historical development, and role.

This includes generative AI systems that are capable of accepting natural language prompts as input.

Background

Generative AI

Generative artificial intelligence (also generative AI or GenAI [1]) is artificial intelligence capable of generating text, images, or other media, using generative models.[2][3][4] Generative AI models learn the patterns and structure of their input training data and then generate new data that has similar characteristics.[5][6]

In the early 2020s, advances in transformer-based deep neural networks enabled a number of generative AI systems notable for accepting natural language prompts as input. These include large language model chatbots such as ChatGPT, Copilot, Bard, and LLaMA, and text-to-image artificial intelligence art systems such as Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E.[7][8][9]

Generative AI has uses across a wide range of industries, including art, writing, script writing, software development, product design, healthcare, finance, gaming, marketing, and fashion.[10][11][12] Investment in generative AI surged during the early 2020s, with large companies such as Microsoft, Google, and Baidu as well as numerous smaller firms developing generative AI models.[2][13][14] However, there are also concerns about the potential misuse of generative AI, including cybercrime or creating fake news or deepfakes which can be used to deceive or manipulate people.[15][16]

Chatbots

A chatbot (originally chatterbot ) is a software application or web interface that aims to mimic human conversation through text or voice interactions.[17] [18] Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such technologies often utilize aspects of deep learning and natural language processing, but more simplistic chatbots have been around for decades prior.

As of 2022, the field has gained widespread attention due to the popularity of OpenAI's ChatGPT (using GPT-3 or GPT-4),[19] released in 2022,[20] followed by alternatives such as Microsoft's Bing Chat (which uses OpenAI's GPT-4) and Google's Bard.[21] Such examples reflect the recent practice of such products being built based upon broad foundational large language models that get fine-tuned so as to target specific tasks or applications (i.e. simulating human conversation, in the case of chatbots). Chatbots can also be designed or customized to further target even more specific situations and/or particular subject-matter domains.[22]

A major area where chatbots have long been used is in customer service and support, such as with various sorts of virtual assistants.[23] Companies spanning various industries have begun using the latest generative artificial intelligence technologies to power more advanced developments in such areas.[22]

Large language model chatbots

ChatGPT

ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) is a large language model-based chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched on November 30, 2022, that enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. Successive prompts and replies, known as prompt engineering, are considered at each conversation stage as a context.

ChatGPT is built upon either GPT-3.5 or GPT-4, both of which are members of OpenAI's proprietary series of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) models, based on the transformer architecture developed by Google[24]—and is fine-tuned for conversational applications using a combination of supervised and reinforcement learning techniques. ChatGPT was released as a freely available research preview, but due to its popularity, OpenAI now operates the service on a freemium model. It allows users on its free tier to access the GPT-3.5-based version. In contrast, the more advanced GPT-4-based version and priority access to newer features are provided to paid subscribers under the commercial name "ChatGPT Plus".

By January 2023, it had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users and contributing to OpenAI's valuation growing to $29 billion.[25][26] ChatGPT's release spurred the development of competing products, including Bard, Ernie Bot, LLaMA, Claude, and Grok.[27] Microsoft launched its Bing Chat based on OpenAI's GPT-4. It raised concern among some observers over the potential of ChatGPT and similar programs to displace or atrophy human intelligence, enable plagiarism, or fuel misinformation. [28]

Bard

Bard is a conversational generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Google, based initially on the LaMDA family of large language models (LLMs) and later PaLM. It was developed as a direct response to the rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT and was released in a limited capacity in March 2023 to lukewarm responses, before expanding to other countries in May.

LaMDA had been developed and announced in 2021 but was not released to the public. OpenAI's launch of ChatGPT in November 2022 and its subsequent popularity caught Google executives off-guard and sent them into a panic, prompting a massive and unprecedented level of response in the ensuing months. After mobilizing its workforce, the company scrambled to launch Bard in February 2023, with the chatbot taking center stage during the 2023 Google I/O keynote in May.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Newsom, Gavin; Weber, Shirley N. (September 6, 2023). "Executive Order N-12-23" (PDF). Executive Department, State of California. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  2. 1 2 Griffith, Erin; Metz, Cade (2023-01-27). "Anthropic Said to Be Closing In on $300 Million in New A.I. Funding". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  3. ↑ Lanxon, Nate; Bass, Dina; Davalos, Jackie (March 10, 2023). "A Cheat Sheet to AI Buzzwords and Their Meanings". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  4. ↑ Pinaya, Walter H. L.; Graham, Mark S.; Kerfoot, Eric; Tudosiu, Petru-Daniel; Dafflon, Jessica; Fernandez, Virginia; Sanchez, Pedro; Wolleb, Julia; da Costa, Pedro F.; Patel, Ashay (2023). "Generative AI for Medical Imaging: extending the MONAI Framework". arXiv:2307.15208 [eess.IV].
  5. ↑ Pasick, Adam (2023-03-27). "Artificial Intelligence Glossary: Neural Networks and Other Terms Explained". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  6. ↑ Andrej Karpathy; Pieter Abbeel; Greg Brockman; Peter Chen; Vicki Cheung; Yan Duan; Ian Goodfellow; Durk Kingma; Jonathan Ho; Rein Houthooft; Tim Salimans; John Schulman; Ilya Sutskever; Wojciech Zaremba (2016-06-16). "Generative models". OpenAI.
  7. ↑ Metz, Cade (2023-03-14). "OpenAI Plans to Up the Ante in Tech's A.I. Race". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  8. ↑ Thoppilan, Romal; De Freitas, Daniel; Hall, Jamie; Shazeer, Noam; Kulshreshtha, Apoorv (January 20, 2022). "LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applications". arXiv:2201.08239 [cs.CL].
  9. ↑ Roose, Kevin (2022-10-21). "A Coming-Out Party for Generative A.I., Silicon Valley's New Craze". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  10. ↑ "Don't fear an AI-induced jobs apocalypse just yet". The Economist. 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  11. ↑ Harreis, H.; Koullias, T.; Roberts, Roger. "Generative AI: Unlocking the future of fashion".
  12. ↑ "How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity". Harvard Business Review. 2023-06-16. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  13. ↑ "The race of the AI labs heats up". The Economist. 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  14. ↑ Yang, June; Gokturk, Burak (2023-03-14). "Google Cloud brings generative AI to developers, businesses, and governments".
  15. ↑ Justin Hendrix (May 16, 2023). "Transcript: Senate Judiciary Subcommittee Hearing on Oversight of AI". techpolicy.press. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  16. ↑ Simon, Felix M.; Altay, Sacha; Mercier, Hugo (2023-10-18). "Misinformation reloaded? Fears about the impact of generative AI on misinformation are overblown". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-127.
  17. ↑ "What is a chatbot?". techtarget.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  18. ↑ Adamopoulou, Eleni; Moussiades, Lefteris (2020). "Chatbots: History, technology, and applications". Machine Learning with Applications. 2: 100006. doi:10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006.
  19. ↑ Hu, Krystal (2 February 2023). "ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note". Reuters.
  20. ↑ Hines, Kristi (2023-06-04). "History Of ChatGPT: A Timeline Of The Meteoric Rise Of Generative AI Chatbots". Search Engine Journal. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  21. ↑ "ChatGPT vs. Bing vs. Google Bard: Which AI is the Most Helpful?".
  22. 1 2 "GPT-4 takes the world by storm - List of companies that integrated the chatbot". 21 March 2023.
  23. ↑ "2017 Messenger Bot Landscape, a Public Spreadsheet Gathering 1000+ Messenger Bots". 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  24. ↑ "Transformer: A Novel Neural Network Architecture for Language Understanding". ai.googleblog.com. 2017-08-31. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  25. ↑ Hu, Krystal (February 2, 2023). "ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base – analyst note". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  26. ↑ Varanasi, Lakshmi (January 5, 2023). "ChatGPT creator OpenAI is in talks to sell shares in a tender offer that would double the startup's valuation to $29 billion". Insider. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  27. ↑ "What's the next word in large language models?". Nature Machine Intelligence. 5 (4): 331–332. April 2023. doi:10.1038/s42256-023-00655-z. ISSN 2522-5839. S2CID 258302563. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  28. ↑ "What is ChatGPT and why does it matter? Here's what you need to know". ZDNET. May 30, 2023. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
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