BYD Auto
Native name
比亚迪汽车
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryAutomotive
Founded2003 (2003)
FounderWang Chuanfu
Headquarters
Xi'an, Shaanxi
,
China
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsAutomobiles
Buses
Electric bicycle
Truck
Forklift
Production output
Increase 3,339,000 vehicles (sales, 2022)[1]
RevenueCNY 324.7 billion (2022)[2]
CNY 9.88 billion (2022)[2][3][4]
ParentBYD Company (99%)[5]
Subsidiaries
  • Denza (90%)
  • Yangwang
  • Fangchengbao
  • Shenzhen BYD Auto Co., Ltd.
  • Changsha BYD Auto Co., Ltd.
  • Shaoguan BYD Auto Co., Ltd.
  • BYD Auto Sales Co., Ltd.
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese比亚迪汽车
Traditional Chinese比亞迪汽車
Websitewww.bydauto.com.cn (Chinese)
www.byd.com (English)

BYD Auto Co., Ltd. is the automotive subsidiary of the publicly listed Chinese multinational manufacturing company BYD Co. Ltd.[6] Founded in 2003 by BYD owner Wang Chuanfu, BYD Auto produces passenger cars, buses, trucks, electric bicycles, forklifts and electric vehicle batteries. BYD's passenger automobile models include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), collectively known as new energy vehicles (NEVs) in China. It also produced conventional internal combustion engine vehicles until 2022.[7]

BYD Auto was founded in January 2003, following BYD's 2002 acquisition of Qinchuan Automobile Company.[8] The first vehicle designed by BYD, the BYD F3, entered production in 2005. It was a petrol-powered compact sedan that gained popularity due to its low price. BYD Auto started producing its first PHEV, the BYD F3DM in 2008, followed by its first production BEV, the BYD e6 in 2009. The company ended production of purely petrol-powered cars in March 2022.

As of November 2023, BYD Auto is the largest plug-in electric vehicle manufacturer in the world, after overtaking Tesla in June 2022 with 641,000 units of NEV sales (BEVs and PHEVs) in the first half of 2022,[9] while still trailing Tesla in BEVs.[10][11] Most of its sales are from Mainland China, while the company is rapidly expanding into foreign markets in the European Union, Southeast Asia, Oceania and Latin America.

BYD Auto is the best-selling car brand in China since the first quarter of 2023, overtaking Volkswagen which held the title since at least 2008.[12] It also held 36% market share in the NEV segment as of September 2023.[13]

The company is characterized by its extensive vertical integration, leveraging BYD Group's expertise in producing batteries and other related components such as electric motors and electronic controls. The group operates lithium mines, lithium processing, battery production, and an in-house computer chip unit, ensuring control and flexibility in production cost and production volume.[14][15] BYD Company's electric battery division, FinDreams Battery, is the world's third largest producer of electric vehicle batteries, with a global market share of 12 percent in the first half of 2022. It specializes in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries.[16] BYD Auto also invests in supply chain by operating their own shipping services to export its cars.[17]

History

The BYD stand at the 2009 Central China High-Tech Fair in Shenzhen

BYD Co Ltd, which at that time was a battery manufacturer, founded BYD Auto in 2003 after acquiring a small car manufacturing company, Qinchuan Machinery Works from Norinco in 2002 and raising HK$1.6 billion on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.[18][19][20] The acquisition gave BYD access to car-manufacturing technology and an automobile production license.[21][22] Qinchuan had been manufacturing cars since 1987, when the company began production of the 0.5 L (30.5 cu in) QJC7050 model.[23] At the time of the acquisition, its QCJ7181 Flyer was in production, which from 2005 was rebranded to "BYD Flyer".

The first car developed by BYD, code-named 316, was rejected by dealers due to its poor styling and was scrapped before reaching the market.[24] The first mass-produced passenger car from BYD, the BYD F3 compact sedan, entered production on April 16, 2005 with an affordable price tag of 73,000 RMB (approximately 10,000 USD). Bearing resemblance to the Toyota Corolla with a lower price tag,[21] the F3 quickly gained popularity, becoming a top-selling model with over 63,000 units sold that year.[24] Initial BYD cars are equipped with Chinese-built Mitsubishi Motors older engine designs, but within a few years, BYD Auto created its own engines by improving Mitsubishi Motors designs.[25][26][27][28] The 100,000th unit rolled off the assembly line on June 18, 2007, just 20 months after production began. Following this success, the BYD F6 entered production in August 2007.[29]

At the 2006 Beijing Auto Show, BYD showcased the battery electric version of the F3, the BYD F3e. The car had a range of more than 300 km (186 mi), and was to be produced within 3 years from 2007. In December 2010, BYD Auto’s deputy general manager Wang Jianjun confirmed that the company had cancelled plans for its production due to the lack of support in charging infrastructure.[30]

In 2008, a plug-in hybrid version of the BYD F3 was introduced as the world's first production model plug-in hybrid car.[31][32] By 2008, BYD Auto owned two vehicle assembly manufacturing plants in Xi'an and in Shenzhen with a production capacity of 300,000 units per year, an R&D and testing center in Shanghai, and a mould plant in Beijing.[27]

In 2010, BYD Auto and Daimler AG, now known as Mercedes-Benz Group AG, formed a 50-50 joint venture named Shenzhen BYD Daimler New Technology with a brand named Denza, to focus on research and development of new energy vehicles.[33]

The Dynasty Series product line started in August 2013 with the launch of the plug-in hybrid (PHEV) variant of the petrol-engined BYD Surui, the BYD Qin. The Qin replaced the aging BYD F3DM,[34][35] and quickly became the best-selling electric vehicle of early 2014.[36]

The BYD Tang was launched in 2015. In the same year, BYD was the highest-selling brand of highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles (combined sales for plug-in hybrids and battery electric cars),[37] at 61,772, mostly plug-in hybrids.[38] BYD achieved top rankings in the 2015 J.D. Power Quality Study.[39]

In September 2016, the company introduced electric sanitation truck models, to be used in Beijing.[40] BYD also supplies DHL with electric distribution fleet of commercial BYD T3, which provides daily logistics in the Central Business District (CBD) of Shenzhen and surrounding areas.[41]

In November 2016, the company hired Wolfgang Egger as BYD Auto's head of design, who built his career at Alfa Romeo, Audi, and SEAT.[25][42][43] His first creation at BYD was the Dynasty concept, a concept electric SUV that was displayed at the 2017 Shanghai Auto Show.[44]

In March 2022, BYD Auto ended the production of pure internal combustion engine vehicles to focus on plug-in electric vehicle.[45]

BYD Auto sold around 641,000 EVs in the first half of 2022, overtaking Tesla to become the world's largest BEV/PHEV manufacturer.[9] In 2022, it became the first carmaker in China to build one million new energy vehicles (NEVs) — a term used in China to describe BEVs, PHEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) — in a single year.[46]

In January 2023, BYD Auto established its second premium sub-brand called Yangwang by introducing the Yangwang U8 luxury plug-in hybrid electric SUV,[47][48] and the Yangwang U9 electric supercar.[49]

By the second half of 2023, the company retains its title the largest PHEV and the second largest BEV manufacturer (behind Tesla) in the world,[50] with 21.4% and 15% global market share, respectively.[51] On August 11, 2023, BYD celebrated the sale of its 5 millionth NEV.[52]

In 2023, BYD Auto's battery division FinDreams established a joint venture with Huaihai Holding Group, who is best known for electric tricycles and electric scooters, intending to establish the world's largest supplier of sodium-ion batteries.[53]

Logo history

BYD Auto's original logo was used between 2003 and 2007. According to the company, the blue and white colours represent the sky and the clouds respectively.[54][55] The logo was criticized due to its resemblance to the BMW roundel.[56][57] It was replaced with the parent company logo with the release of the BYD F1 (renamed to F0 later).[58]

On 1 January 2021, BYD Auto adopted a new brand identity with a more modern and minimalist logo design. BYD Group retained the older logo.[59]

On 17 February 2022, the logo of BYD Auto was slightly revised with narrower width, coinciding with the introduction of the new BYD Group logo.[60]

Since the release of the second-generation BYD Tang, BYD Auto started adopting the "Build Your Dreams" identity for the rear badging for its vehicles, replacing the standard oval BYD logo.[61] The badging was retained for export markets until late August 2023, when the company announced that for export markets the badging will be dropped in favour of the three-letter BYD logo due to criticisms.[62][63]

Global expansion

In 2009, BYD started exporting cars to Africa, South America, and the Middle East, where its cars competed on price instead of quality.[64] Since 2020, BYD started expanding its global presence rapidly by prioritizing electric vehicles. In the first half of 2023, the company exported over 74,000 units of passenger new energy vehicles, a year-over-year increase of over 300%.[65] As of 2023, BYD Auto's vehicles are sold in over 70 countries around the world.[66]

Since 2022, BYD has commited in producing right-hand drive versions of several battery electric passenger models for exports to LHT countries such as Australia. These include newer models such as the Atto 3, Dolphin and Seal.[67][68] For the Dolphin, the company had also done an extensive reengineering of the small car to achieve maximum rating in Euro NCAP and Australasian NCAP.[69][70]

Europe

Electric BYD bus at a terminal in Landskrona, Sweden
BYD stand at the IAA Open Space 2023, Germany

In May 2020, BYD announced that it would offer products in Europe, starting with Norway. Initial products included BYD Tang and commercial vehicles.[71]

In 2022, BYD Auto began selling its passenger vehicles in Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Belgium.[72] In Germany and Sweden, the BYD models are sold in cooperation with the Hedin Group.[73] In October 2022, BYD appointed Denzel Group as its distributor in Austria.[73]

In March 2023, BYD entered the United Kingdom market by introducing the Atto 3.[74]

Australia

BYD entered the Australian market in 2022 through a partnership with EVDirect, a local electric vehicle distributor. EVDirect is a subsidiary of ASX-listed company MotorCycle Holdings Ltd. Both companies signed an agreement in February 2021.[75] The company showcased the first right-hand drive Atto 3 in August 2022.[76] Its entry into the Australian market was delayed by a month to November 2022 due to compliance issues to the Atto 3, due to the top tether child restraint anchor point in the center rear seating position not in compliance with the Australian Design Rules.[77]

Despite the delay, the Atto 3 became the second-best-selling electric vehicle in Australia, behind only the Tesla Model 3. BYD sold 2,112 vehicles in Australia in 2022, making it third-best-selling electric vehicle brand in the country, behind Tesla and MG.[78]

In the first half of 2023, BYD has sold 6,196 vehicles in Australia, making it the second-largest EV brand in the country.[79]

Asia

In July 2022, BYD announced sales of electric vehicles in Japan from 2023.[80]

In October 2022, BYD started sales in Thailand in partnership with local company Rêver Automotive.[81] In 2023, BYD announced plans to build a new electric vehicle factory in Thailand. The factory, located in Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) special zone in Rayong, is expected to start production in 2024 and will have an annual capacity of 150,000 vehicles.[82]

North America

BYD US Headquarters in Los Angeles

BYD's North American headquarters opened in Los Angeles in 2011.[83] As of 2013 BYD Auto sold the e6 and electric buses in the United States as fleet vehicles only. BYD first supplied the Los Angeles Metro Bus system with buses in 2015. A 2018 investigation by the Los Angeles Times found reliability issues with the BYD buses.[84]

Latin America

BYD planned to deliver 1,002 electric buses to Bogota, the capital city of Colombia, by mid-2022,[85] after winning a contract for 406 electric buses in January 2021.[86]

in 2022, BYD Auto began selling electric passenger vehicles in Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica.[87]

In July 2023, BYD announced an investment of US$600 million in Brazil to acquire, modernize and increase production of Ford's abandoned car plant in Camaçari, Bahia State, to build up to 300,000 cars per year by 2025. BYD would install two industrial plants: one for the production of electric bus/truck platforms and one for refining lithium and iron phosphate ores, for use in BYD China's battery factories.[88]

Design center

BYD Han concept car

In 2019, BYD launched its global design center, led by industry veterans from European brands, led by Wolfgang Egger. The carmaker unveiled its E-SEED GT, the first joint effort from the team, at the Auto Shanghai industry show in April 2019. The design concept reflected the lines of the traditional Chinese dragon.[89]

Technologies

DM (dual mode) hybrid

The BYD DM (dual mode) hybrid technology was first introduced in the late 2000s, on vehicles such as the BYD F3DM and BYD M3 DM. It consisted of a conventional ICE engine and transmission as well as an electric motor and batteries.[90]

DM-i / DM-p

DM-i and DM-p replaced DM technology. DM-i is for efficiency-oriented front-wheel drive models and DM-p is for performance-oriented all-wheel drive models. The models use series-parallel plug-in hybrid technology with a dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT),[91] consisting of a high-efficiency gasoline engine (Xiaoyun) (which can power an electric generator) and a main electric motor (which can be powered by batteries and/or an electric generator). The Xiaoyun engine uses the Atkinson cycle, has an ultra-high compression ratio (CR) of 15.5, and has a Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of 43%, the world's highest for a production gasoline engine.[92]

The hybrid drivetrain uses context-dependent components to provide driving power, including battery-only, battery + electrical generator mode, engine only mode (only at high speeds due to lack of transmission), and battery + engine mode. The engine charges the batteries via the generator when conditions permit. The design allows the engine to remain within its high efficiency zone.[92]

DM-i is available with three power levels, codenamed EHS132, EHS145, and EHS160, using 1.5L, 1.5L or 1.5T, 1.5T Xiaoyun engines respectively.[93]

e-Platform 3.0

BYD Atto 3
Blade Battery showcased at the IAA Summit 2023, Germany

The e-Platform 3.0 is a modular car platform specialized for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It offers improved integration of BYD's proprietary Blade Battery technology with an improved pure electric frame with doubled torsional stiffness, a more efficient 8-in-1 module for the drive system, a direct cooling and heating system for the battery pack (utilising residual heat, powertrain, passenger compartment, and the battery itself) to increase thermal efficiency by up to 20%, and shorter front overhangs, lower body profile, and a longer wheelbase to improve aerodynamics (0.21 drag coefficient).

The platform enables all-electric ranges exceeding 1,000 km (620 mi), with 800-volt fast charging technology for a range up to 150 km (93 mi) after 5-minutes of charging and allows an all-wheel drive (AWD) system with 0-100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration of up to 2.9 seconds.[94] It allows cell-to-body (CTB) battery integration.[95] CTB replaces the previous cell-to-pack (CTP) technology launched by Contemporary Amperex Technology and then dismissed by them in 2019.[96]

The first car designed using this platform was the Yuan Plus (Atto 3 in global markets),[97][98] followed by the "Ocean Series" such as the Dolphin and Seal.

Products

BYD offers a broad variety of vehicles types, including sedans, hatchbacks, crossovers, MPVs, SUVs, single-deck, double-deck, and articulated buses, long-distance coaches, vans, and class 5, 8 and specialty trucks. The company formerly produced internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles until 2022, when the company announced that it would focus on PHEVs and BEVs (collectively called "New Energy Vehicles" or NEV in China).[7]

For passenger vehicles for personal use, the BYD brand distinguishes their line-up under two "series", which are Dynasty series (started by the Qin in 2012), Ocean series (started by the Dolphin in 2021).[99] While Dynasty series vehicles focuses on high-end vehicles and adopts dragon-inspired designs,[100][101] Ocean series vehicles targets younger customers by adopting the concept design of "Marine Aesthetics" by using waves and flowing lines as the mainline. It is further divided into two series, which are models with marine animal names and the Warship Series (Frigate and Destroyer).[102][103] Dynasty and Ocean series uses separate mobile app.[104]

Fleet-oriented vehicles for ride-hailing and taxi are categorized in the "e" series.[105]

Current powertrain options for passenger vehicles consists of battery electric often denoted by the EV suffix, DM-i (Dual Mode Intelligent, a plug-in hybrid system) and DM-p (performance-oriented Dual Mode with all-wheel drive).[99]

Sub-brands

Denza

Denza is a joint venture with Mercedes-Benz AG (previously Daimler AG)[106] to produce luxury electric vehicles.[107] It was created in May 2010. The Denza 500 model is based on an earlier generation of the Mercedes-Benz B-Class.[108] In 2021, Daimler reduced its share from 50% to 10% via equity transfer, leaving BYD as the biggest shareholder at 90%.[109]

Yangwang

Yangwang (仰望, "gazing" or "envy") is a luxury car division positioned to compete with European luxury brands. The brand was announced on January 5, 2023, at the Guangzhou Auto Show, along with its first model, the U8 off-road SUV, which features BYD's proprietary e4 individual wheel drive technology.

Models:

Fangchengbao

Fangchengbao (FCB) (方程豹, "formula leopard") is BYD Auto's division that produces professional and "personalized" vehicles, with products covering off-road and track-focused segments. The brand was announced on June 9, 2023.[110] The brand will operate its own direct sales stores, in contrast with BYD that relies on a dealership network.[111]

On August 16, 2023, Fangchengbao released its first model, the Bao 5. It debuted at the Chengdu Auto Show and based on an Fangchengbao-specific platform called DMO.[111]

Models:

  • Bao 5 (豹5) medium off-road SUV

Production

BYD Auto has significantly cut manufacturing costs using three methods: vertical integration, self-produced molds, and self-produced production lines. BYD claims to offer the world's highest degree of vertical integration.[112] Over 70% of BYD's vehicle components are self-sufficiently supplied, which enhance profits. Under the BYD Group umbrella, BYD Auto employs an extensive vertical integration to integrate the supply chain for components such as batteries, motors, and electronic controls. Most molds are produced in-house, and BYD's model production plant in China ensures self-sufficiency and exports. A teardown by investment bank UBS of the BYD Seal revealed that 75% of the components were made in-house. Its competition, the Tesla Model 3 only uses 46% of components that is made in-house in China. UBS concluded that this helped the Seal achieve a gross profit margin of 16%, compared to 14% for the made-in-China Model 3.[113][114]

BYD also leverages China's low labor costs, transforming production lines for power batteries from capital-intensive to labor-intensive, ensuring a competitive edge through a robust supply chain system and reduced production costs.[114]

Facilities

Industrial facilities consist of two manufacturing plants in Xi'an, an R&D center and manufacturing plant in Shenzhen (the headquarters of BYD Co Ltd), a manufacturing plant in Changsha, Hunan province, a manufacturing plant in Shaoguan, Guangdong province, and an R&D center and parts plant in Shanghai.[115] Construction of a third manufacturing plant in Xi'an resumed in 2011, after the company was fined for illegal land use.[116]

Manufacturing plants for electric buses opened in Lancaster, California in May 2013.[117][118] and in Dalian, Liaoning province in late 2014.[119] A factory was inaugurated in Campinas, Brazil in 2015 for the production of electric buses.[120] A bus plant opened in 2019 in Newmarket, Ontario.[121] BYD has a European electric bus assembly facility in Komárom, Hungary.[122] On July 4, 2023, BYD announced a $620 million investment in Camaçari, Brazil to produce electric cars, after acquiring Ford's former plant.[123][124]

Partnerships

Toyota joint venture

Toyota bZ3

BYD and Toyota formed a joint venture called BYD Toyota EV Technology Co., Ltd., (BTET) with head offices in Shenzhen, China, formalized in April 2020.[125][126] The first product conceived by the joint venture is the Toyota bZ3, which is manufactured by FAW Toyota.

Alexander Dennis

In 2015, BYD Auto teamed up with Alexander Dennis, the UK's leading bus manufacturer, to build electric buses specifically for the British market. Alexander Dennis built their Enviro200EV single-deck and Enviro400EV double-deck products on BYD's chassis.[33]

Sales

A BYD showroom in a shopping mall in Shenzhen

BYD's car sales in 2009 were 448,400 vehicles. Its F3 was the best-selling sedan in China with sales of over 291,000 units.[32][127] In 2010, BYD sold 519,800 vehicles, representing 2.9% of the market in China, its sixth largest manufacturer.[115][128] In 2011, the BYD sales rank was outside the top ten.[129] In 2012, the company became the 9th largest car manufacturer in China, producing over 600,000 vehicles.[130] In 2013, BYD sold 506,189 passenger cars in China, ranking tenth.[131]

BYD made over 440,000 sales in China in the first quarter of 2023, making it the best-selling car brand in China for the first time, surpassing Volkswagen.[132]

BYD global sales[133]
Year BYD Denza Total
2010 521,761 - 521,761
2011 454,676 - 454,676
2012 462,512 - 462,512
2013 514,188 - 514,188
2014 446,329 - 446,329
2015 449,068 2,800 451,868
2016 507,870 2,287 510,157
2017 416,445 4,713 421,158
2018 526,324 1,974 528,298
2019 465,871 2,089 467,960
2020 427,302 4,175 431,447
2021 744,617 4,708 749,325
2022 1,871,866 9,803 1,881,669

Lawsuits and controversies

In December 2018, the Albuquerque council sued BYD over the alleged poor welding, poor battery range, malfunctioning doors and brakes of its buses.[134] BYD denied the allegations, and the lawsuit was settled without money changing hands.[135]

A 2018 investigation by The Los Angeles Times found reliability issues with the BYD buses.[136]

In February 2023, BYD confirmed the presence of a toxic chemical, hexavalent chromium, in its electric buses in Japan. According to BYD, the contaminated vehicles will be "detoxified before being scrapped, leaving no impact on the environment."[137]

Imitation of competing models

BYD S8

BYD Auto had been accused of taking designs from other manufacturers. Articles claimed BYD F1 "is a clear copy of the Toyota Aygo,"[138] that the BYD S6 "closely apes the Lexus RX",[139] the BYD F3 "is a copycat of the Toyota Corolla[140] the BYD S8 has a similar appearance to a Mercedes-Benz SL-Class, with "features an almost identical Mercedes-Benz CLK front-end and Renault Megane CC rear".[141][142] Although in 2009, the U.S. government had been advised by its consul-general in Guangzhou, China that BYD uses an approach of "copying and then modifying car designs." Chinese courts ruled BYD has not infringed on patents.[143]

Nanjing electric vehicle fraud

In 2016, a peculiar suicide note started an investigation into government subsidy fraud.[144] The auto dealer had been facing bankruptcy and blamed BYD for his situation. According to the note, BYD had received government subsidies for 600 electric buses it had never produced. A single electric bus went for about 2 million yuan (US$305,000). Of 600 buses, the city had received only a few dozen. That year, the Finance Ministry fined five manufacturers (not including BYD) which had fraudulently obtained more than 1 billion yuan (US$153 million) worth of subsidies.[145] The companies were required to return the subsidies in full and also pay penalties worth an additional 50% of subsidies received.

According to the relatives of the man, BYD forced dealerships to increase EV inventories even though sales were bad. In an attempt to clear inventories, dealerships tried selling to people from outside of Nanjing, while simultaneously trying to help them get temporary Nanjing residence documents. According to a dealership employee, the dealerships wound up paying the subsidies on 80% of vehicles sold.[144]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to BYD Auto.

References

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