Angami
Native toIndia
RegionNagaland
EthnicityAngami Naga
Native speakers
150,000 (2011 census)[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3njm
Glottologanga1288

Angami (also: Gnamei, Ngami, Tsoghami, Tsugumi, Monr, Tsanglo, Tenyidie) is a Naga language spoken in the Naga Hills in the northeastern part of India, in Kohima district, Nagaland. In 2011, there is an estimate of 153,000 first language (L1) Angami speakers.[1] Under the UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment framework, Angami is at the level of "vulnerable", meaning that it is still spoken by most children, but "may be restricted to certain domains".[2]

Phonology

Consonants

This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.[3]

Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
plain labialized
Nasal voiceless m̥ʰ n̥ʰ ɲ̊ʰ
voiced m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k kʷ
voiced b d ɡ ɡʷ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ kʷʰ
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ h
voiced v z ʒ
Approximant voiceless l̥ʰ ɻ̊ j̊ ʍ
voiced l ɻ j w

Vowels

The following are the vowels of the Khonoma dialect.[3]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

Phonological reconstruction

Meyase (2023) recognizes southern, northern, and western dialects of Angami, including the following.[4]

  • Southern: Jokha, Kiwe
  • Northern: Kewhi
  • Western: Khwüno

Preliminary Proto-Tenyi lexical reconstructions by Meyase (2023), with supporting data from four Tenyidie dialects, are as follows.[4]

GlossProto-TenyiJokha (Southern 1)Kiwe (Southern 2)Kewhi (Northern)Khwüno (Western)
do*tsʰitʰə́cʰə́tsʰə́ʃə́
hurt*tsʰitʰə̄cʰə̄tsʰə̄ʃə̄
flesh*tsʰitʰə̀cʰə̀tsʰə̀ʃə̀
old*gwewéwéwégwé
bison*gwiwíwíwígwí
wash hand*m-tometòmetòmetìmetì
transform*m-vimevímevímevímeví
make good*p-vimevímevípevípeví
all*p-temetēmetēpetēpetē
green*p-ɟomeɟòmeɟòpeɟòpeʒiè
wait*kʰweqʰwékʰwéfé-pfʰékʰwé
shawl*kʰweqʰwèkʰwèfè-pfʰèkʰwè
bee*m-kʰwioqʰwíakʰwímefīmekʰwí
monkey*t-kwioqwīakwītepfītekwī
tidy up*k-kweqeqwèkekwèkepfèkekwè
to fly*proprōprōpruōpō
strong*koqōkōkuōkō
to walk*totòtòtiòtò

Northern sound change innovations include:[4]

  • *kw > pf, f
  • *o > uo, io

Southern sound change innovations include:[4]

  • *pe- > me-

Grammar and lexicon

A wealth of Angami grammars, lexicons are available in Tenyidie and in English. However, these collections often conflict in their analysis of the phonemic or syntactic nature of the language. This is due to the difference at the time of the documentation, and the choice of informants from varying dialect. Especially in the earlier language documentations (1870s–1960s), mostly by Christian missionary; their informants' meta-data were not specified and any dialect of Angami were assumed to be the "standard" of Angami within the Nagaland region. The Angami-English Phrasebook [5] and Angami-English-Hindi dictionary [6] available online.

Text collection

The complete Tenyidie bible was published in 1970. However, only the translated chapter of Genesis [7] from the bible was posted on the internet under The Rosetta Project. Also, Christian devotional materials such as The Bible...Basically® in Tenyidie [8] are also available online.

Another source of text is largely from the ethnic folktales (e.g. Angami Naga folklore by Sekhose, 1970) and especially from song lyrics written in Tenyidie. Other than Christian songs written by the Angami church community (e.g. Shieshülie songbook by Baptist Revival Church[9]), the rising rock music culture started to stir in the Nagaland as the music events and societies like the Hornbill National Rock Contest [10]

The next largest source of Tenyidie is the educational materials used in the Kohima schools and university. Although much of these texts are in printed forms, a query on the web does retrieve some Indian exams papers [11][12] that contain test questions on Tenyidie.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Angami at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) closed access
  2. ↑ Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
  3. 1 2 Blankenship, B. "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF).
  4. 1 2 3 4 Meyase, Savio (2023). Historical Sound Changes within the Tenyidie (Angami) Language. 56th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, 10-12 October 2023. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
  5. ↑ Rivenburg, S.W. (1905). Angami-English Phrasebook.
  6. ↑ Giridha, P.P and Handoo, L. (1987). Angami-English-Hindi dictionary. "A n u k r i t i . N e T". Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  7. ↑ The Bible Society of India. (1970). The Holy Bible: Angami Naga – Genesis Translation. The Long Now Foundation. https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_njm_gen-1
  8. ↑ Griffin, R. (n.d.). The Bible…Basically® in Tenyidie. "Tenyidie". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  9. ↑ Baptist Revival Church (2011). Shieshülie - Tenyidie songbook. Retrieved from http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwNDA3Nzk%3D-ZxNlAmDAZ8A%3D Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ www.site5.com. "Hornbill Festival - Hornbill festival of Nagaland". Hornbill Festival. Retrieved 14 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "Secondary School Syllabus" (PDF). Nagaland Board of School Education. pp. 48–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  12. ↑ "Higher Secondary School Syllabus for Classes 11 & 12" (PDF). Nagaland Board of School Education. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.

Bibliography

  • Blankenship, Barbara; Peter Ladefoged; Peri Bhaskararao; Nichumeno Chase (June 1993). "Phonetic Structures of Khonoma Angami". Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics. 84: 127–141.

Notes

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