swꜣḏ

Egyptian

Etymology

s- (causative prefix) +‎ wꜣḏ (“to be green, to be fresh”).

Pronunciation

Verb
sM14

 caus. 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to make green
  2. (transitive) to freshen

Inflection
Conjugation of swꜣḏ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swꜣḏ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
swꜣḏ
 swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ
 swꜣḏt
 swꜣḏ
 swꜣḏ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
swꜣḏ
 ḥr swꜣḏ
 m swꜣḏ
 r swꜣḏ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect swꜣḏ.n
 swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ
 consecutive swꜣḏ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative swꜣḏt
perfective3 swꜣḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 swꜣḏ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective swꜣḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy
 swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy
 potentialis1 swꜣḏ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive swꜣḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect swꜣḏ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective swꜣḏ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 swꜣḏ
 swꜣḏ, swꜣḏw5, swꜣḏy5
imperfective swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy, swꜣḏw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 swꜣḏ, swꜣḏj6, swꜣḏy6
 swꜣḏ, swꜣḏw5
prospective swꜣḏ, swꜣḏtj7
 — swꜣḏwtj1 4, swꜣḏtj4, swꜣḏt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 337.
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