sḏm

See also: sdm and sDm

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- (“to hear, to listen”). Apparently unrelated to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈsaːcʼam/ → /ˈsaːtʼam/ → /ˈsaːtʼəm/ → /ˈsoːtʼəm/

Verb
sD
sDm		 m

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to hear
  2. (transitive) to obey, to heed
    • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5:
      Drr
      n      		 D&dn
      f      		 H_SPACE
      n      		 sn
      Z2      		 irn
      t t      		 nb
      t      		 mzSY1HrZ1pG41ASf
      d      		 warq
      sDmmstmiiD&dA1stmz
      n      		 X4Y1HAAY1
      Z2      		 HrZ1SAAAtY1
      Z2
      ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt
      In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.
  3. (intransitive) to listen (+ n: to (someone))
  4. (transitive) to put on trial, to try

Inflection
Conjugation of sḏm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: sḏm, geminated stem: sḏmm
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
sḏm
 sḏmw, sḏm
 sḏmt
 sḏm
 sḏm
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
sḏm
 ḥr sḏm
 m sḏm
 r sḏm
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect sḏm.n
 sḏmw, sḏm
 consecutive sḏm.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative sḏmt
perfective3 sḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 sḏm.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective sḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 sḏm
 sḏmm
 potentialis1 sḏm.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive sḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect sḏm.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective sḏm
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 sḏm
 sḏm, sḏmw5, sḏmy5
imperfective sḏm, sḏmy, sḏmw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 sḏm, sḏmj6, sḏmy6
 sḏm, sḏmw5
prospective sḏm, sḏmtj7
 — sḏmtj4, sḏmt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḏm  
sDmm
sḏm

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Demotic: stm

Noun
sDmm

 m

  1. trial

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 282, 299.
  • Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 25
  1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 53
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