qina

Mam

Interjection

qina

goodbye
Synonym: chinej

Northern Ndebele

Verb

-qina^?

to be firm, to be strong

Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Phuthi

Verb

-qína

to be strong, to be tight

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Southern Ndebele

Verb

-qina^?

to be firm, to be strong

Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Xhosa

Verb

-qina^?

to become firm, to become hard

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Verb

-qîna

(intransitive) to be thick
(intransitive) to be firm, to be hard, to be solid, to be strong
(intransitive) to be headstrong, to be obdurate, to be obstinate, to be pigheaded, to be stubborn

Inflection

Tone HH
Infinitive	ukuqina
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuqina	ukungaqini
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	qina	-qine
Plural	qinani	-qineni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyaqina, ngiqina	engiqinayo, engiqina	ngiqina	angiqini	engingaqini	ngingaqini
2nd singular	uyaqina, uqina	oqinayo, oqina	uqina	awuqini	ongaqini	ungaqini
1st plural	siyaqina, siqina	esiqinayo, esiqina	siqina	asiqini	esingaqini	singaqini
2nd plural	niyaqina, niqina	eniqinayo, eniqina	niqina	aniqini	eningaqini	ningaqini
Class 1	uyaqina, uqina	oqinayo, oqina	eqina	akaqini	ongaqini	engaqini
Class 2	bayaqina, baqina	abaqinayo, abaqina	beqina	abaqini	abangaqini	bengaqini
Class 3	uyaqina, uqina	oqinayo, oqina	uqina	awuqini	ongaqini	ungaqini
Class 4	iyaqina, iqina	eqinayo, eqina	iqina	ayiqini	engaqini	ingaqini
Class 5	liyaqina, liqina	eliqinayo, eliqina	liqina	aliqini	elingaqini	lingaqini
Class 6	ayaqina, aqina	aqinayo, aqina	eqina	awaqini	angaqini	engaqini
Class 7	siyaqina, siqina	esiqinayo, esiqina	siqina	asiqini	esingaqini	singaqini
Class 8	ziyaqina, ziqina	eziqinayo, eziqina	ziqina	aziqini	ezingaqini	zingaqini
Class 9	iyaqina, iqina	eqinayo, eqina	iqina	ayiqini	engaqini	ingaqini
Class 10	ziyaqina, ziqina	eziqinayo, eziqina	ziqina	aziqini	ezingaqini	zingaqini
Class 11	luyaqina, luqina	oluqinayo, oluqina	luqina	aluqini	olungaqini	lungaqini
Class 14	buyaqina, buqina	obuqinayo, obuqina	buqina	abuqini	obungaqini	bungaqini
Class 15	kuyaqina, kuqina	okuqinayo, okuqina	kuqina	akuqini	okungaqini	kungaqini
Class 17	kuyaqina, kuqina	okuqinayo, okuqina	kuqina	akuqini	okungaqini	kungaqini
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiqinile, ngiqinē	engiqinile, engiqinē	ngiqinile, ngiqinē	angiqinanga	engingaqinanga	ngingaqinanga
2nd singular	uqinile, uqinē	oqinile, oqinē	uqinile, uqinē	awuqinanga	ongaqinanga	ungaqinanga
1st plural	siqinile, siqinē	esiqinile, esiqinē	siqinile, siqinē	asiqinanga	esingaqinanga	singaqinanga
2nd plural	niqinile, niqinē	eniqinile, eniqinē	niqinile, niqinē	aniqinanga	eningaqinanga	ningaqinanga
Class 1	uqinile, uqinē	oqinile, oqinē	eqinile, eqinē	akaqinanga	ongaqinanga	engaqinanga
Class 2	baqinile, baqinē	abaqinile, abaqinē	beqinile, beqinē	abaqinanga	abangaqinanga	bengaqinanga
Class 3	uqinile, uqinē	oqinile, oqinē	uqinile, uqinē	awuqinanga	ongaqinanga	ungaqinanga
Class 4	iqinile, iqinē	eqinile, eqinē	iqinile, iqinē	ayiqinanga	engaqinanga	ingaqinanga
Class 5	liqinile, liqinē	eliqinile, eliqinē	liqinile, liqinē	aliqinanga	elingaqinanga	lingaqinanga
Class 6	aqinile, aqinē	aqinile, aqinē	eqinile, eqinē	awaqinanga	angaqinanga	engaqinanga
Class 7	siqinile, siqinē	esiqinile, esiqinē	siqinile, siqinē	asiqinanga	esingaqinanga	singaqinanga
Class 8	ziqinile, ziqinē	eziqinile, eziqinē	ziqinile, ziqinē	aziqinanga	ezingaqinanga	zingaqinanga
Class 9	iqinile, iqinē	eqinile, eqinē	iqinile, iqinē	ayiqinanga	engaqinanga	ingaqinanga
Class 10	ziqinile, ziqinē	eziqinile, eziqinē	ziqinile, ziqinē	aziqinanga	ezingaqinanga	zingaqinanga
Class 11	luqinile, luqinē	oluqinile, oluqinē	luqinile, luqinē	aluqinanga	olungaqinanga	lungaqinanga
Class 14	buqinile, buqinē	obuqinile, obuqinē	buqinile, buqinē	abuqinanga	obungaqinanga	bungaqinanga
Class 15	kuqinile, kuqinē	okuqinile, okuqinē	kuqinile, kuqinē	akuqinanga	okungaqinanga	kungaqinanga
Class 17	kuqinile, kuqinē	okuqinile, okuqinē	kuqinile, kuqinē	akuqinanga	okungaqinanga	kungaqinanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāqina	engāqina	ngāqina	angiqinanga	engingaqinanga	ngingaqinanga
2nd singular	wāqina	owāqina	wāqina	awuqinanga	ongaqinanga	ungaqinanga
1st plural	sāqina	esāqina	sāqina	asiqinanga	esingaqinanga	singaqinanga
2nd plural	nāqina	enāqina	nāqina	aniqinanga	eningaqinanga	ningaqinanga
Class 1	wāqina	owāqina	āqina	akaqinanga	ongaqinanga	engaqinanga
Class 2	bāqina	abāqina	bāqina	abaqinanga	abangaqinanga	bengaqinanga
Class 3	wāqina	owāqina	wāqina	awuqinanga	ongaqinanga	ungaqinanga
Class 4	yāqina	eyāqina	yāqina	ayiqinanga	engaqinanga	ingaqinanga
Class 5	lāqina	elāqina	lāqina	aliqinanga	elingaqinanga	lingaqinanga
Class 6	āqina	āqina	āqina	awaqinanga	angaqinanga	engaqinanga
Class 7	sāqina	esāqina	sāqina	asiqinanga	esingaqinanga	singaqinanga
Class 8	zāqina	ezāqina	zāqina	aziqinanga	ezingaqinanga	zingaqinanga
Class 9	yāqina	eyāqina	yāqina	ayiqinanga	engaqinanga	ingaqinanga
Class 10	zāqina	ezāqina	zāqina	aziqinanga	ezingaqinanga	zingaqinanga
Class 11	lwāqina	olwāqina	lwāqina	aluqinanga	olungaqinanga	lungaqinanga
Class 14	bāqina	obāqina	bāqina	abuqinanga	obungaqinanga	bungaqinanga
Class 15	kwāqina	okwāqina	kwāqina	akuqinanga	okungaqinanga	kungaqinanga
Class 17	kwāqina	okwāqina	kwāqina	akuqinanga	okungaqinanga	kungaqinanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingaqina	—	ngingaqina	ngingeqine	—	ngingeqine
2nd singular	ungaqina	—	ungaqina	ungeqine	—	ungeqine
1st plural	singaqina	—	singaqina	singeqine	—	singeqine
2nd plural	ningaqina	—	ningaqina	ningeqine	—	ningeqine
Class 1	angaqina	—	engaqina	angeqine	—	engeqine
Class 2	bangaqina	—	bengaqina	bangeqine	—	bengeqine
Class 3	ungaqina	—	ungaqina	ungeqine	—	ungeqine
Class 4	ingaqina	—	ingaqina	ingeqine	—	ingeqine
Class 5	lingaqina	—	lingaqina	lingeqine	—	lingeqine
Class 6	angaqina	—	engaqina	angeqine	—	engeqine
Class 7	singaqina	—	singaqina	singeqine	—	singeqine
Class 8	zingaqina	—	zingaqina	zingeqine	—	zingeqine
Class 9	ingaqina	—	ingaqina	ingeqine	—	ingeqine
Class 10	zingaqina	—	zingaqina	zingeqine	—	zingeqine
Class 11	lungaqina	—	lungaqina	lungeqine	—	lungeqine
Class 14	bungaqina	—	bungaqina	bungeqine	—	bungeqine
Class 15	kungaqina	—	kungaqina	kungeqine	—	kungeqine
Class 17	kungaqina	—	kungaqina	kungeqine	—	kungeqine
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizoqina	engizoqina	ngizoqina	angizuqina	engingezuqina	ngingezuqina
2nd singular	uzoqina	ozoqina	uzoqina	awuzuqina	ongezuqina	ungezuqina
1st plural	sizoqina	esizoqina	sizoqina	asizuqina	esingezuqina	singezuqina
2nd plural	nizoqina	enizoqina	nizoqina	anizuqina	eningezuqina	ningezuqina
Class 1	uzoqina	ozoqina	ezoqina	akazuqina	ongezuqina	engezuqina
Class 2	bazoqina	abazoqina	bezoqina	abazuqina	abangezuqina	bengezuqina
Class 3	uzoqina	ozoqina	uzoqina	awuzuqina	ongezuqina	ungezuqina
Class 4	izoqina	ezoqina	izoqina	ayizuqina	engezuqina	ingezuqina
Class 5	lizoqina	elizoqina	lizoqina	alizuqina	elingezuqina	lingezuqina
Class 6	azoqina	azoqina	ezoqina	awazuqina	angezuqina	engezuqina
Class 7	sizoqina	esizoqina	sizoqina	asizuqina	esingezuqina	singezuqina
Class 8	zizoqina	ezizoqina	zizoqina	azizuqina	ezingezuqina	zingezuqina
Class 9	izoqina	ezoqina	izoqina	ayizuqina	engezuqina	ingezuqina
Class 10	zizoqina	ezizoqina	zizoqina	azizuqina	ezingezuqina	zingezuqina
Class 11	luzoqina	oluzoqina	luzoqina	aluzuqina	olungezuqina	lungezuqina
Class 14	buzoqina	obuzoqina	buzoqina	abuzuqina	obungezuqina	bungezuqina
Class 15	kuzoqina	okuzoqina	kuzoqina	akuzuqina	okungezuqina	kungezuqina
Class 17	kuzoqina	okuzoqina	kuzoqina	akuzuqina	okungezuqina	kungezuqina
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyoqina	engiyoqina	ngiyoqina	angiyuqina	engingeyuqina	ngingeyuqina
2nd singular	uyoqina	oyoqina	uyoqina	awuyuqina	ongeyuqina	ungeyuqina
1st plural	siyoqina	esiyoqina	siyoqina	asiyuqina	esingeyuqina	singeyuqina
2nd plural	niyoqina	eniyoqina	niyoqina	aniyuqina	eningeyuqina	ningeyuqina
Class 1	uyoqina	oyoqina	eyoqina	akayuqina	ongeyuqina	engeyuqina
Class 2	bayoqina	abayoqina	beyoqina	abayuqina	abangeyuqina	bengeyuqina
Class 3	uyoqina	oyoqina	uyoqina	awuyuqina	ongeyuqina	ungeyuqina
Class 4	iyoqina	eyoqina	iyoqina	ayiyuqina	engeyuqina	ingeyuqina
Class 5	liyoqina	eliyoqina	liyoqina	aliyuqina	elingeyuqina	lingeyuqina
Class 6	ayoqina	ayoqina	eyoqina	awayuqina	angeyuqina	engeyuqina
Class 7	siyoqina	esiyoqina	siyoqina	asiyuqina	esingeyuqina	singeyuqina
Class 8	ziyoqina	eziyoqina	ziyoqina	aziyuqina	ezingeyuqina	zingeyuqina
Class 9	iyoqina	eyoqina	iyoqina	ayiyuqina	engeyuqina	ingeyuqina
Class 10	ziyoqina	eziyoqina	ziyoqina	aziyuqina	ezingeyuqina	zingeyuqina
Class 11	luyoqina	oluyoqina	luyoqina	aluyuqina	olungeyuqina	lungeyuqina
Class 14	buyoqina	obuyoqina	buyoqina	abuyuqina	obungeyuqina	bungeyuqina
Class 15	kuyoqina	okuyoqina	kuyoqina	akuyuqina	okungeyuqina	kungeyuqina
Class 17	kuyoqina	okuyoqina	kuyoqina	akuyuqina	okungeyuqina	kungeyuqina
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngiqine	ngingaqini
2nd singular	uqine	ungaqini
1st plural	siqine	singaqini
2nd plural	niqine	ningaqini
Class 1	aqine	angaqini
Class 2	baqine	bangaqini
Class 3	uqine	ungaqini
Class 4	iqine	ingaqini
Class 5	liqine	lingaqini
Class 6	aqine	angaqini
Class 7	siqine	singaqini
Class 8	ziqine	zingaqini
Class 9	iqine	ingaqini
Class 10	ziqine	zingaqini
Class 11	luqine	lungaqini
Class 14	buqine	bungaqini
Class 15	kuqine	kungaqini
Class 17	kuqine	kungaqini
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngaqina	ngangaqina, angaqina, angangaqina
2nd singular	waqina	wangaqina, awaqina, awangaqina
1st plural	saqina	sangaqina, asaqina, asangaqina
2nd plural	naqina	nangaqina, anaqina, anangaqina
Class 1	waqina	wangaqina, akaqina, akangaqina
Class 2	baqina	bangaqina, abaqina, abangaqina
Class 3	waqina	wangaqina, awaqina, awangaqina
Class 4	yaqina	yangaqina, ayaqina, ayangaqina
Class 5	laqina	langaqina, alaqina, alangaqina
Class 6	aqina	angaqina, awaqina, awangaqina
Class 7	saqina	sangaqina, asaqina, asangaqina
Class 8	zaqina	zangaqina, azaqina, azangaqina
Class 9	yaqina	yangaqina, ayaqina, ayangaqina
Class 10	zaqina	zangaqina, azaqina, azangaqina
Class 11	lwaqina	lwangaqina, alwaqina, alwangaqina
Class 14	baqina	bangaqina, abaqina, abangaqina
Class 15	kwaqina	kwangaqina, akwaqina, akwangaqina
Class 17	kwaqina	kwangaqina, akwaqina, akwangaqina

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “qina”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “qina (3.9)”

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