esfreer

Old French

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *exfridāre. Attested in the Passion du Christ.[1]

Pronunciation
  • (archaic) IPA(key): /esfɾeˈðeːɾ/
  • (classical) IPA(key): /efɾe(j)ˈeːɾ/, /-ojˈeːɾ/, /a-/

Verb

esfreer

  1. (transitive) to scare; to frighten
  2. (reflexive, s'esfreer) to be scared; to be afraid

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. This verb has a stressed present stem esfroi distinct from the unstressed stem esfre. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of esfreer (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple compound
infinitive esfreer avoir esfreé
gerund en esfreant gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle esfreant
past participle esfreé
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu il nos vos il
simple
tenses		 present esfroi esfroies esfroie esfreons esfreez esfroient
imperfect esfreoie, esfreeie, esfreoe, esfreeve esfreoies, esfreeies, esfreoes, esfreeves esfreoit, esfreeit, esfreot, esfreeve esfreïiens, esfreïens esfreïiez, esfreïez esfreoient, esfreeient, esfreoent, esfreevent
preterite esfreai esfreas esfrea esfreames esfreastes esfreerent
future esfreerai esfreeras esfreera esfreerons esfreeroiz, esfreereiz, esfreerez esfreeront
conditional esfreeroie, esfreereie esfreeroies, esfreereies esfreeroit, esfreereit esfreeriiens, esfreeriens esfreeriiez, esfreeriez esfreeroient, esfreereient
compound
tenses		 present perfect present tense of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
past anterior preterite tense of avoir + past participle
future perfect future tense of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que jo que tu qu’il que nos que vos qu’il
simple
tenses		 present esfroi esfrois esfroit esfreons esfreez esfroient
imperfect esfreasse esfreasses esfreast esfreïssons, esfreïssiens esfreïssoiz, esfreïssez, esfreïssiez esfreassent
compound
tenses		 past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nos vos –
— esfroie — esfreons esfreez —

Descendants
  • Middle French: effrayer, effraer, effreer, effroyer
  • Norman: affrayer
  • Picard: effrayeu, èfroûyeu (Athois)
  • Walloon: èwarer (Liégeois), sibarer, esbarer, sbarer
  • Middle English: affrayen, affraien; affrayed, affraied (pp.)

References
  1. Etymology and history of “effrayer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
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