Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/applu

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *apluz, *aplaz.

Noun

*applu m[1]

fruit
Synonyms: *fruht, *obaet
apple

Inflection

u-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*applu
Genitive	*applō
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*applu	appliwi, applō
Accusative	*applu	*applū
Genitive	*applō	*appliwō
Dative	appliwi, applō	*applum
Instrumental	*applu	*applum

Alternative reconstructions

*apl

Descendants

Old English: æppel, apl, appel, æppyl
- Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel; æppel, æpple, eappel
  - English: apple (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: aipple
Old Frisian: appel
- North Frisian:
  Föhr, Hallig: aapel
  Helgoland: Oapel
  Mooring: ååpel
- Saterland Frisian: Appel, Apel
- West Frisian: apel
Old Saxon: appel, appul, apl
- Middle Low German: appel
  - German Low German: Appel
    - → German: Appel (colloquial, regional)
  - Plautdietsch: Aupel
Old Dutch: *appel, ephela (pl.), apheles (gen.sg.)
- Middle Dutch: appel, āpel
  - Dutch: appel (see there for further descendants)
  - Limburgish: appel
Old High German: apful, aphul, apfol, afful, *appul
- Middle High German: apfel, epfel, öpfel, appel
  - Alemannic German: Öpfel, Apfel
    Alsatian: Àpfel, Epfel
    Italian Walser: effél, epfel, epfil, öpfil
    Swabian: Ebfl
  - Bavarian: Åpfe
    Cimbrian: oupfal, öpfel, öpfl
    Mòcheno: epfl
    Udinese: eipfele, epfl
  - Central Franconian: Appel
    - Hunsrik: Eppel
    - Luxembourgish: Apel
  - East Central German:
    Upper Saxon German: Abbel, Appel
    Vilamovian: epuł
  - East Franconian:
  - German: Apfel
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Hessian: Àbbel, Ebbel, Abbel
    Pennsylvania German: Abbel, Appel
  - Yiddish: עפּל (epl)

References

Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 330: “PWGmc *applu”

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[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 330: “PWGmc *applu”