Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/sẹ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *ci (“you”).

The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.

Pronoun

*sẹ

thou; you

Declension

Declension of *sẹ (pronominal-n declension)

	Singular
Nominative	*sẹ
Accusative	*sẹni
Genitive	*sẹniŋ
Dative	*saŋa
Locative	*sẹnte
Ablative	*sẹnten
Allative ¹⁾	*saŋaru
Instrumental ¹⁾	*sẹnin
Equative ¹⁾	*sẹnče
Similative ¹⁾	*sẹnleyü
Comitative ¹⁾	*sẹnligü

1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.

Postposition

*sẹ

Denotes "to be" for second person singular/plural when at the end of an object; are
Denotes second person singular or plural after various tenses

Related terms

*siŕ (“you”)

Descendants

Common Turkic
- Karakhanid: سَنْ (sen)
- Old Turkic
  - Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰤 (sen)
  - Old Uyghur: sʾn (sen)
- Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (sen)
- Arghu
  - Khalaj: sən
- Oghuz
  - Azerbaijani: sən
  - Gagauz: sän
  - Ottoman Turkish: سن (sen), سین (-sin)
    - Turkish: sen, -sin
  - Salar: [script needed] (sēn)
  - Turkmen: sen
- Kipchak
  - Kipchak: [script needed] (sen)
  - Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sen)
  - West Kipchak
    - Crimean Tatar: sen
    - Karachay-Balkar: сен (sen)
    - Kumyk: сен (sen)
  - North Kipchak
    - Bashkir: һин (hin)
    - Tatar: син (sin)
  - South Kipchak
    - Caspian
      - Kazakh: сен (sen)
      - Karakalpak: сен
      - Nogai: сен (sen)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak
      - Kyrgyz: сен (sen)
      - Southern Altai: сен (sen)
- Karluk
  - Chagatai: سن (sän)
    - Uzbek: sen
    - Uyghur: سەن (sen)
- Siberian
  - North Siberian
    - Dolgan: эн (en)
    - Yakut: эн (en)
  - South Siberian
    - Western Yugur: [script needed] (sen)
    - Yenisei Turkic
      - Khakas: син (sin)
      - Shor: сен (sen)
    - Sayan Turkic
      - Tofa: сен (sen)
      - Tuvan: сен (sen)
Oghur
- Chuvash: эсӗ (es̬ĕ)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*si”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “sen”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 831

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