Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḥapr-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Verbal noun of *ḥapar-.

Noun

*ḥapr- m

digging, digged hole

Inflection

Declension of *ḥapr-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ḥaprum

*ḥaprāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ḥaprim

*ḥaprayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ḥapram

possessive forms

1st person

*ḥaprī / *ḥaprVya

—

*ḥaprVni

2nd person m

*ḥaprVka

*ḥaprVkumā / *ḥaprVkumay

*ḥaprVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ḥaprVki

*ḥaprVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ḥaprVšu

*ḥaprVšumā / *ḥaprVšumay

*ḥaprVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ḥaprVša

*ḥaprVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḥapruya for nom. case, *ḥapriya for gen. case, *ḥapraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḥapr-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḥapruka	*ḥaprāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ḥaprika	*ḥaprayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ḥapraka	*ḥaprayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḥapr-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḥapruki	*ḥaprāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ḥapriki	*ḥaprayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ḥapraki	*ḥaprayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒇥 (uppum, ḫuppum, “cavity”)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: حَفْر (ḥafr, “digging”)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      - Classical Syriac: ܚܦܳܪܳܐ (ḥəp̄arā, “digging”), ܚܶܦܪܳܐ (ḥep̄rā, “ditch, hole, pit”)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ቀፈር (ḳäfär), ቅፍር (ḳəfr, “notch, rift”)

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