Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/múHtram

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *múHtrom (“excrement, filth”).

Noun

*múHtram n[1][2][3]

excrement, urine

Declension

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*múHtram	*múHtray	*múHtraH
vocative	*múHtram	*múHtray	*múHtraH
accusative	*múHtram	*múHtray	*múHtraH
instrumental	*múHtrā	*múHtraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*múHtrāyš
ablative	*múHtrāt	*múHtraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*múHtraybʰyas
dative	*múHtrāy	*múHtraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*múHtraybʰyas
genitive	*múHtrasya	*múHtrayās	*múHtrāna(H)m
locative	*múHtray	*múHtrayaw	*múHtrayšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *múHtram
- Sanskrit: मूत्र (mū́tra) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *múHtram
- Avestan: 𐬨𐬏𐬚𐬭𐬀 (mūθra, “diarrhoea”)
- Old Median: *Múθrayǰəh, *Múθrēǰəh[4] (+ *-ayǰəh)
  - → Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈬𒌓𒊑𒄑𒍝𒀭 (mu-ut-re-ez-za-an), 𒈬𒌓𒊑𒍝𒅖 (mu-ut-re-za-iš)
Proto-Nuristani: *mū́tra
- Southern Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: motrók
- ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: *gū́ta-mū́tra (< *guHtʰá-múHtram)
  - Northern Nuristani:
    - Kamkata-viri:
      Kamviri: gümǘtr (“feces”)

References

Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1952
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “mū́tra”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 366
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “mū́tra-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
Tavernier, Jan (2007) “Mutrezza”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, pages 499-500: “499-500”

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[1] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1952

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “mū́tra”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 366

[3] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “mū́tra-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[4] Tavernier, Jan (2007) “Mutrezza”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, pages 499-500: “499-500”