Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*-eros

Suffix

*-teros

Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.

Usage notes

In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare:

Sanskrit: उद् (ud) → उत्तर (uttara, “upper”)
Greek: δεξιός (dexiós, “right”) → δεξιτερός (dexiterós, “right”) (as opposed to "left")
Latin: māter (“mother”) → mātertera (“maternal aunt”) (literally "the mother one").

In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives:

Greek: γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) → γλυκύτερος (glukúteros, “sweeter”)

In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other":

Sanskrit: अन्यतर (anyatara)
Latin: al-ter
Gothic: 𐌰𐌽-𐌸𐌰𐍂 (an-þar)

or possessives:

Greek: ἡμέ-τερος (hēmé-teros)
Latin: nos-ter (“our”)
Old Irish: náthar (“of us two”)

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-teros	*-tereh₂
genitive	*-terosyo	*-tereh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-teros	*-teroh₁	*-teroes
vocative	*-tere	*-teroh₁	*-teroes
accusative	*-terom	*-teroh₁	*-teroms
genitive	*-terosyo	*?	*-teroHom
ablative	*-teread	*?	*-teromos
dative	*-teroey	*?	*-teromos
locative	-terey, -teroy	*?	*-teroysu
instrumental	*-teroh₁	*?	*-terōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-tereh₂	*-tereh₂h₁(e)	*-tereh₂es
vocative	*-tereh₂	*-tereh₂h₁(e)	*-tereh₂es
accusative	*-terām	*-tereh₂h₁(e)	*-tereh₂m̥s
genitive	*-tereh₂s	*?	*-tereh₂oHom
ablative	*-tereh₂s	*?	*-tereh₂mos
dative	*-tereh₂ey	*?	*-tereh₂mos
locative	-tereh₂, -tereh₂i	*?	*-tereh₂su
instrumental	*-tereh₂h₁	*?	*-tereh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-terom	*-teroy(h₁)	*-tereh₂
vocative	*-terom	*-teroy(h₁)	*-tereh₂
accusative	*-terom	*-teroy(h₁)	*-tereh₂
genitive	*-terosyo	*?	*-teroHom
ablative	*-teread	*?	*-teromos
dative	*-teroey	*?	*-teromos
locative	-terey, -teroy	*?	*-teroysu
instrumental	*-teroh₁	*?	*-terōys

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-teros

Descendants

Proto-Germanic: *-þeraz, *-drê
Proto-Hellenic: *-teros
- Ancient Greek: -τερος (-teros), -τερός (-terós)
  - Greek: -τερος (-teros)
Proto-Italic: *-teros
- Latin: -ter (perhaps), -iter (perhaps)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taras
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taras
  - Sanskrit: -तर (-tara)
- Proto-Iranian: *-tarah
  - Avestan: -𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (-tara)
  - Gurani: تەر (-tar)
  - Kurdish:
    - Central Kurdish: تر (tir)
    - Northern Kurdish: -tir
  - Middle Persian: [script needed] (-tar)
    - Persian: تر (-tar)
  - Zazaki: -yer, -êr

References

Marek Majer (2012), What happened to PIE kʷotero- in Slavic?

This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.