< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harjaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“war, troops”), from *ker- (“army”). Cognate with Old Irish cuire (“troop, host, company; muster”), Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (“war”), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “ruler, commander, military leader”), Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /⁠kāra⁠/, “people of war, army”).[1]

Possibly attested as a vocative or combining form hari on Negau B, a helmet dated to 450–350 BCE (although the inscription may have been added much later with a terminus ante quem of 50 BCE, when the hoard was buried). First attested with certainty as runic harja (2nd century, Vimose), although the latter inscription may be considered to postdate Proto-Germanic.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈxɑr.jɑz/

Noun

*harjaz m

  1. army
  2. army leader; commander; warrior

Inflection
masculine ja-stemDeclension of *harjaz (masculine ja-stem)
singular plural
nominative *harjaz *harjōz, *harjōs
vocative *hari *harjōz, *harjōs
accusative *harją *harjanz
genitive *harjas, *haris *harjǫ̂
dative *harjai *harjamaz
instrumental *harjō *harjamiz

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *hari
    • Old English: here
      • Middle English: here
    • Old Frisian: here, hire
      • Saterland Frisian: Heer
      • West Frisian: hear
    • Old Saxon: heri
    • Old Dutch: heri (in placenames)
    • Old High German: heri
  • Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*harjaʀ) (attested in ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ (harja) and ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /⁠Swābaharjaz⁠/))
  • East Germanic:
  • →? Proto-Finnic: *karja (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*harja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 211-2
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