Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dūnaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈduː.nɑz/

Etymology 1

From *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, agitate, storm”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”).

Noun

*dūnaz m

an accumulation, pile, heap

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *dūnaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*dūnaz	dūnōz, dūnōs
vocative	*dūn	dūnōz, dūnōs
accusative	*dūną	*dūnanz
genitive	dūnas, dūnis	*dūnǫ̂
dative	*dūnai	*dūnamaz
instrumental	*dūnō	*dūnamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *dūnā, *dūn m, *dūnu f, *dūnō m
- Old English: dūn f or m
  - Middle English: dune, doun
    - English: dune, down
    - Scots: doun, down
- Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m
  - Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m
    - German Low German: Düne, Düün
    - → German: Düne
    - → Swedish: dyn, dyne
    - → Norwegian: dyne
- Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?
  - Middle Dutch: dûne f or n
    - Dutch: duin f
      - Afrikaans: duin
    - → Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)
      - Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f
      - West Frisian: dún n
    - → Old French: dune
      - Middle French: dune
        French: dune
- Old High German: *tūna, dūna f
>? Old Norse: dúnn, dýnn, dunn, dynn
- ⇒ Old Norse: sauðadunn, sauðadynn

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”).

Noun

*dūnaz m

down (feathers of young birds)

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *dūnaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*dūnaz	dūnōz, dūnōs
vocative	*dūn	dūnōz, dūnōs
accusative	*dūną	*dūnanz
genitive	dūnas, dūnis	*dūnǫ̂
dative	*dūnai	*dūnamaz
instrumental	*dūnō	*dūnamiz

Derived terms

*dūnijǭ

Related terms

*daumaz
*daunaz

Descendants

Old Norse: dúnn
- Icelandic: dúnn
- Faroese: dún
- Norwegian: dun
- Old Swedish: dūn
  - Swedish: dun
- Elfdalian: daungen
- Danish: dun
- Gutnish: däun
- → Middle English: doun, downe
  - English: down
- → Middle Low German: dûne
  - German Low German: Duun
  - → Dutch: dons
  - → German: Daune
  - → Saterland Frisian: Duune
- → Old French: dum, dun (see there for further descendants)

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