π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½

Gothic

Etymology

π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°- (faura-) +β€Ž π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (rahnjan), a calque of Ancient Greek προηγέομαι (proΔ“gΓ©omai).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /fΙ”raˈrahnjan/

Verb

π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ β€’ (faurarahnjan)

  1. to outdo
    • Romans 12:10:
      πŒ±π‚π‰πŒΈπ‚πŒ°πŒ»πŒΏπŒ±π‰πŒ½ 𐌹𐌽 πŒΉπŒΆπ…πŒΉπƒ πŒΌπŒΉπƒπƒπ‰ π†π‚πŒΉπŒ°πŒΈπ…πŒ°πŒΌπŒΉπŒ»πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉ; πƒπ…πŒ΄π‚πŒΉπŒΈπŒ°πŒΉ πŒΉπŒΆπ…πŒΉπƒ πŒΌπŒΉπƒπƒπ‰ π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒ½πƒ
      brōþralubōn in izwis missō friaΓΎwamildjai; swΔ“riΓΎai izwis missō faurarahnjandans
      Love one another with brotherly affection; outdo one another in showing honor. (RSV)

Conjugation
Class 1 weak
Infinitive π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½
faurarahnjan
Indicative Present Past Present passive
1st singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°
faurarahnja		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°
faurarahnida		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
faurarahnjada
2nd singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
faurarahneis		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πƒ
faurarahnidΔ“s		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΆπŒ°
faurarahnjaza
3rd singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
faurarahneiΓΎ		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°
faurarahnida		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
faurarahnjada
1st dual π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπ‰πƒ
faurarahnjōs		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏ
faurarahnidΔ“du		 β€”
2nd dual π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
faurarahnjats		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπ„πƒ
faurarahnidΔ“duts		 β€”
1st plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΌ
faurarahnjam		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΌ
faurarahnidΔ“dum		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
faurarahnjanda
2nd plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
faurarahneiΓΎ		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΈ
faurarahnidΔ“duΓΎ		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
faurarahnjanda
3rd plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³
faurarahnjand		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒ½
faurarahnidΔ“dun		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
faurarahnjanda
Subjunctive Present Past Present passive
1st singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjau		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnidΔ“djau		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjaidau
2nd singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπƒ
faurarahnjais		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
faurarahnidΔ“deis		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΆπŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjaizau
3rd singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉ
faurarahnjai		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΉ
faurarahnidΔ“di		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjaidau
1st dual π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ°
faurarahnjaiwa		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°
faurarahnidΔ“deiwa		 β€”
2nd dual π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ„πƒ
faurarahnjaits		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ
faurarahnidΔ“deits		 β€”
1st plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
faurarahnjaima		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
faurarahnidΔ“deima		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjaindau
2nd plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΈ
faurarahnjaiΓΎ		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
faurarahnidΔ“deiΓΎ		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjaindau
3rd plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
faurarahnjaina		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
faurarahnidΔ“deina		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒ΄πŒΉ
faurarahnei
3rd singular π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjadau
2nd dual π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
faurarahnjats
2nd plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
faurarahneiΓΎ
3rd plural π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
faurarahnjandau
Present Past
Participles π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
faurarahnjands		 π†πŒ°πŒΏπ‚πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ·πŒ½πŒΉπŒΈπƒ
faurarahniΓΎs

Further reading
  • Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches WΓΆrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s UniversitΓ€tsbuchhandlung, p. 109
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