酸っぱい

Japanese
Kanji in this term
酸
す
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Etymology

First cited to a text from 1823.[1]

This appears to be a compound of 酸 (su-, stem of adjective 酸(す)い (sui, “sour”), in turn from 酢(す) (su, “vinegar”)) +‎ っぱい (-ppai, “-ish, having that quality”, suffix entailing negative overtones).[1]

  • The suffix -ppai may be related to more neutral suffix っぽい (ppoi, “-ish”).[2][3]
  • Alternatively, the suffix may represent a reanalysis of the -ppai ending in adjective 塩っぱい (shoppai, “salty”), where the ending derives from 映ゆい (hayui, “dazzling; very much that quality; too much that quality”). While there are historically attested examples of shoppai evolving from shio + hayushi (the classical form), where しほはゆし (shihohayushi) first appears in the late 1500s,[4] there are no such attestations for the more recent word suppai.[1]

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of "酸っぱい"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 酸っぱく すっぱ​く [sùppáꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形) 酸っぱい すっぱ​い [sùppáꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 酸っぱい すっぱ​い [sùppáꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative 酸っぱくない すっぱ​くない [sùppáꜜkùnàì]
Informal past 酸っぱかった すっぱ​かった [sùppáꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 酸っぱくなかった すっぱ​くなかった [sùppáꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal 酸っぱいです すっぱ​いです [sùppáꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 酸っぱくて すっぱ​くて [sùppáꜜkùtè]
Conditional 酸っぱければ すっぱ​ければ [sùppáꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

酸(す)っぱい • (suppai) -i (adverbial 酸(す)っぱく (suppaku))

  1. [from 1823] sour

Inflection
Inflection of 酸っぱい
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 酸っぱかろ すっぱかろ suppakaro
Continuative (連用形) 酸っぱく すっぱく suppaku
Terminal (終止形) 酸っぱい すっぱい suppai
Attributive (連体形) 酸っぱい すっぱい suppai
Hypothetical (仮定形) 酸っぱけれ すっぱけれ suppakere
Imperative (命令形) 酸っぱかれ すっぱかれ suppakare
Key constructions
Informal negative 酸っぱくない すっぱくない suppaku nai
Informal past 酸っぱかった すっぱかった suppakatta
Informal negative past 酸っぱくなかった すっぱくなかった suppaku nakatta
Formal 酸っぱいです すっぱいです suppai desu
Formal negative 酸っぱくないです すっぱくないです suppaku nai desu
Formal past 酸っぱかったです すっぱかったです suppakatta desu
Formal negative past 酸っぱくなかったです すっぱくなかったです suppaku nakatta desu
Conjunctive 酸っぱくて すっぱくて suppakute
Conditional 酸っぱければ すっぱければ suppakereba
Provisional 酸っぱかったら すっぱかったら suppakattara
Volitional 酸っぱかろう すっぱかろう suppakarō
Adverbial 酸っぱく すっぱく suppaku
Degree 酸っぱさ すっぱさ suppasa

See also
Basic tastes in Japanese · 味覚(みかく) (mikaku) (layout · text)
甘(あま)い (amai) 酸(す)っぱい (suppai) 塩(しょ)っぱい (shoppai) 苦(にが​)い (niga​i) 辛(から​)い (kara​i) 旨味(うまみ) (umami)

References
  1. “酸”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. 酸っぱい／すっぱい - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
  3. すっぱい【酸っぱい】の語源・由来 (Etymology/Origin of SUPPAI) - Etymology Encyclopedia (in Japanese)
  4. “鹹映・塩映”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  5. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  7. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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