申す

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
申
もう
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

⟨mawosu⟩ → */mawusu/ → /mausu/ → /mɔːsu/ → /moːsu/

Shift from Old Japanese 申す (mawosu),[1][2] Late Old Japanese mausu.

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "申す"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 申す も​ーす [móꜜòsù]
Imperative (命令形) 申せ も​ーせ [móꜜòsè]
Key constructions
Passive 申される もーされ​る [mòósáréꜜrù]
Causative 申させる もーさせ​る [mòósáséꜜrù]
Potential 申せる もーせ​る [mòóséꜜrù]
Volitional 申そう もーそ​ー [mòósóꜜò]
Negative 申さない もーさ​ない [mòósáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 申さなかった もーさ​なかった [mòósáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 申します もーしま​す [mòóshímáꜜsù]
Perfective 申した も​ーした [móꜜòshìtà]
Conjunctive 申して も​ーして [móꜜòshìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 申せば も​ーせば [móꜜòsèbà]

Verb

申(もう)す • (mōsu) ←まうす (mausu)?transitive godan (stem 申(もう)し (mōshi), past 申(もう)した (mōshita))

  1. (humble, formal) to say
  2. (humble, formal) to be called
    こちらは田(た)中(なか)と申(もう)します。鈴(すず)木(き)さんはおいででしょうか。
    Kochira wa Tanaka to mōshimasu. Suzuki-san wa oide deshō ka.
    This is Tanaka speaking. Is Mr. Suzuki there?
    ジョンソンと申(もう)します。
    Jonson to mōshimasu.
    I am called Johnson.
  3. (humble) to ask, request, or give thanks (to a kami or buddha)
  4. (humble) to make a wish
  5. (auxiliary) before a noun, usually with the honorific prefix 御 (o-/go-), to serve, perform an action for a superior
  6. (auxiliary, archaic) attaches to 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb: to formally or otherwise ceremonially do [verb]
Conjugation
Conjugation of "申す" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 申さ もうさ mōsa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 申し もうし mōshi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 申す もうす mōsu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 申す もうす mōsu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 申せ もうせ mōse
Meireikei ("imperative") 申せ もうせ mōse
Key constructions
Passive 申される もうされる mōsareru
Causative 申させる
申さす		 もうさせる
もうさす		 mōsaseru
mōsasu
Potential 申せる もうせる mōseru
Volitional 申そう もうそう mōsō
Negative 申さない もうさない mōsanai
Negative continuative 申さず もうさず mōsazu
Formal 申します もうします mōshimasu
Perfective 申した もうした mōshita
Conjunctive 申して もうして mōshite
Hypothetical conditional 申せば もうせば mōseba
Classical conjugation of "申す" (サ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 申さまうさmausa
Continuative (連用形) 申しまうしmausi
Terminal (終止形) 申すまうすmausu
Attributive (連体形) 申すまうすmausu
Realis (已然形) 申せまうせmause
Imperative (命令形) 申せまうせmause
Key constructions
Negative 申さずまうさずmausazu
Contrasting conjunction 申せどまうせどmausedo
Causal conjunction 申せばまうせばmauseba
Conditional conjunction 申さばまうさばmausaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 申しきまうしきmausiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 申しけりまうしけりmausikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 申しつまうしつmausitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 申しぬまうしぬmausinu
Perfect-continuative tense 申せり
申したり		まうせり
まうしたり		mauseri
mausitari
Volitional 申さむまうさむmausamu
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 申(もう)し (mōshi)
  • 申(もう)さく, 白(もう)さく (mōsaku)
  • 申(もう)さす (mōsasu)
  • 申(もう)し合(あ)い (mōshiai)
  • 申(もう)し上(あ)げる (mōshiageru)
  • 申(もう)し置(お)く (mōshioku)
  • 申(もう)し送(おく)る (mōshiokuru)
  • 申(もう)し遅(おく)れる (mōshiokureru)
  • 申(もう)し行(おこな)ふ (mōshiokonau)
  • 申(もう)し聞(き)かせる (mōshikikaseru)
  • 申(もう)し沙(さ)汰(た) (mōshisata)
  • 申(もう)し添(そ)える (mōshisoeru)
  • 申(もう)し状(じょう) (mōshijō)
  • 申(もう)し次(つ)ぐ (mōshitsugu)
  • 申(もう)し做(な)す (mōshinasu)
  • 申(もう)し開(ひら)く (mōshihiraku)
  • おんじゃり申(もう)す (onjarimōsu)
  • 掠(かす)め申(もう)す (kasumemōsu)
  • 御(ご)座(ざ)り申(もう)す (gozarimōsu)
  • 鈴(すず)申(もう)す (suzumōsu)
  • 罷(まか)り申(もう)す (makarimōsu)
  • 物(もの)申(もう)す (monomōsu)
Idioms
  • 暇(いとま)を申(もう)す (itoma o mōsu)
Proverbs
  • そっと申(もう)せばがっと申(もう)す (sotto mōseba gatto mōsu)

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
申
ま
Grade: 3
irregular

/mausu/ → */maːsu/ → /masu/

Thought to be a shift from mōsu above, historical mausu.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ma̠sɨᵝ]

Verb

申(ま)す • (masu) transitive †yodan

  1. (rare, obsolete) Same as もうす (mōsu) above
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "申す" (サ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 申さまさmasa
Continuative (連用形) 申しましmasi
Terminal (終止形) 申すますmasu
Attributive (連体形) 申すますmasu
Realis (已然形) 申せませmase
Imperative (命令形) 申せませmase
Key constructions
Negative 申さずまさずmasazu
Contrasting conjunction 申せどませどmasedo
Causal conjunction 申せばませばmaseba
Conditional conjunction 申さばまさばmasaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 申しきましきmasiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 申しけりましけりmasikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 申しつましつmasitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 申しぬましぬmasinu
Perfect-continuative tense 申せり
申したり		ませり
ましたり		maseri
masitari
Volitional 申さむまさむmasamu

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  4. Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

Old Japanese

Verb

申す (mawosu) (kana まをす)

  1. to say
  2. to be called
  3. to ask, request, or give thanks (to a kami or buddha)
  4. to serve, perform an action for a superior
  5. (auxiliary) attaches to 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb: to formally or otherwise ceremonially do [verb]
Usage notes

Modern dictionaries use まおす (maosu) as reference to this verb.

Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "申す" (サ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 申さまをさmawosa
Continuative (連用形) 申しまをしmawosi
Terminal (終止形) 申すまをすmawosu
Attributive (連体形) 申すまをすmawosu
Realis (已然形) 申せまをせmawose
Imperative (命令形) 申せまをせmawose
Key constructions
Negative 申さずまをさずmawosazu
Contrasting conjunction 申せどまをせどmawosedo
Causal conjunction 申せばまをせばmawoseba
Conditional conjunction 申さばまをさばmawosaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 申しきまをしきmawosiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 申しけりまをしけりmawosikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 申しつまをしつmawositu
Perfect tense (natural event) 申しぬまをしぬmawosinu
Perfect-continuative tense 申せり
申したり		まをせり
まをしたり		mawoseri
mawositari
Volitional 申さむまをさむmawosamu
Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:申す.

Derived terms
  • 天の下申す (ame2no2sita mawosu)
  • 物申す (mono2mawosu)

Etymology 2

⟨mawosu⟩ → */mawusu/ → /mausu/

Shift from mawosu above, attested in a few later poems of the Man'yōshū.

Since later poems also attest the use of earlier mawosu, a free variation of both pronunciations appears likely.

Verb

申す (mausu) (kana まうす)

  1. (rare) Same as まをす (mawosu) above
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "申す" (サ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 申さまうさmausa
Continuative (連用形) 申しまうしmausi
Terminal (終止形) 申すまうすmausu
Attributive (連体形) 申すまうすmausu
Realis (已然形) 申せまうせmause
Imperative (命令形) 申せまうせmause
Key constructions
Negative 申さずまうさずmausazu
Contrasting conjunction 申せどまうせどmausedo
Causal conjunction 申せばまうせばmauseba
Conditional conjunction 申さばまうさばmausaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 申しきまうしきmausiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 申しけりまうしけりmausikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 申しつまうしつmausitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 申しぬまうしぬmausinu
Perfect-continuative tense 申せり
申したり		まうせり
まうしたり		mauseri
mausitari
Volitional 申さむまうさむmausamu
Derived terms
  • 申し給ふ (mausitamapu)

Descendants
  • Japanese: 申す (mōsu)
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