欲する

Japanese
Kanji in this term
欲
ほっ
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

Etymology

/porisu/ → /posːu/ → /posːuru/

Sound shift from classical verb 欲(ほり)す (horisu),[1][2][3][4] in turn from the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 欲(ほ)る (horu, “to wish for, to desire”). + す (su, precursor to modern する (suru, “to do”)).[2][4]

The sense "to attempt to" is a calque of Classical Chinese 欲.

First attested in ideographic form in the Nihon Shoki of 720,[2] and in phonetic spelling in the Man'yōshū of 759.[5]

Pronunciation

Verb

欲(ほっ)する • (hossuru) transitive suru (stem 欲(ほっ)し (hosshi), past 欲(ほっ)した (hosshita))

  1. [from 720] to want, to desire
    目的(もくてき)を欲(ほっ)する
    mokuteki o hossuru
    desire one's goal
  2. [from 1104] (literary) in the form んと欲す (-n to hossu) (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb): to attempt to
    将(しょう)を射(い)んと欲(ほっ)すればまず馬(うま)を射(い)よ
    shō o in to hossureba mazu uma o iyo
    (idiom) to shoot the general, first shoot his horse

Conjugation
Conjugation of "ほっする" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") ほっせ
ほっし		 ho'se
ho'shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") ほっし ho'shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") ほっする ho'suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") ほっする ho'suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") ほっすれ ho'sure
Meireikei ("imperative") ほっしろ
ほっせよ		 ho'shiro
ho'seyo
Key constructions
Passive ほっせられる
ほっしられる		 ho'serareru
ho'shirareru
Causative ほっしさせる
ほっしさす		 ho'shisaseru
ho'shisasu
Potential ほっせられる
ほっしられる		 ho'serareru
ho'shirareru
Volitional ほっしよう ho'shiyō
Negative ほっしない ho'shinai
Negative continuative ほっせず ho'sezu
Formal ほっします ho'shimasu
Perfective ほっした ho'shita
Conjunctive ほっして ho'shite
Hypothetical conditional ほっすれば ho'sureba

See also

References
  1. Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. “欲”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. “欲する”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3383:
    , spelled in the suppositional as 保里勢牟 ⟨porisemu⟩, available online here
  6. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  7. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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