憚る

Japanese
FWOTD – 30 April 2023

Etymology
Kanji in this term
憚
はばか
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Cognate with 阻む (habamu, “to prevent, thwart”), 蔓延る (habikoru, “to grow dense”), and possibly 幅 (haba, “width”).[1][2]

Also cognate with classical adjective 憚し (habashi, “hesitant, shy”).

Pronunciation

Verb

憚(はばか)る • (habakaru) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 憚(はばか)り (habakari), past 憚(はばか)った (habakatta))

  1. (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
    • 2007, 新時代日漢辭典／新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局／大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
      彼(かれ)を憚(はばか)って何(なに)も言(い)わない
      Kare o habakatte nanimo iwanai
      Afraid to say anything to him
  2. (intransitive) to get full, grow rampant
  3. (intransitive) to throw one’s weight around, to make one’s presence felt
  4. (archaic, transitive) to beware of, be wary of
  5. (archaic, transitive) to abhor, detest
  6. (archaic, transitive) to grieve, hold a funeral service

Conjugation
Conjugation of "憚る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 憚ら はばから habakara
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 憚り はばかり habakari
Shūshikei ("terminal") 憚る はばかる habakaru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 憚る はばかる habakaru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 憚れ はばかれ habakare
Meireikei ("imperative") 憚れ はばかれ habakare
Key constructions
Passive 憚られる はばかられる habakarareru
Causative 憚らせる
憚らす		 はばからせる
はばからす		 habakaraseru
habakarasu
Potential 憚れる はばかれる habakareru
Volitional 憚ろう はばかろう habakarō
Negative 憚らない はばからない habakaranai
Negative continuative 憚らず はばからず habakarazu
Formal 憚ります はばかります habakarimasu
Perfective 憚った はばかった habakatta
Conjunctive 憚って はばかって habakatte
Hypothetical conditional 憚れば はばかれば habakareba
Classical conjugation of "憚る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 憚らはばからfabakara
Continuative (連用形) 憚りはばかりfabakari
Terminal (終止形) 憚るはばかるfabakaru
Attributive (連体形) 憚るはばかるfabakaru
Realis (已然形) 憚れはばかれfabakare
Imperative (命令形) 憚れはばかれfabakare
Key constructions
Negative 憚らずはばからずfabakarazu
Contrasting conjunction 憚れどはばかれどfabakaredo
Causal conjunction 憚ればはばかればfabakareba
Conditional conjunction 憚らばはばからばfabakaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 憚りきはばかりきfabakariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 憚りけりはばかりけりfabakarikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 憚りつはばかりつfabakaritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 憚りぬはばかりぬfabakarinu
Perfect-continuative tense 憚れり
憚りたり		はばかれり
はばかりたり		fabakareri
fabakaritari
Volitional 憚らむはばからむfabakaramu

Derived terms
  • 憚(はばか)らはし (habakarawashi)
  • 思(おぼ)し憚(はばか)る (oboshihabakaru)
  • 思(おも)ひ憚(はばか)る (omoihabakaru)

Idioms

Proverbs

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. “憚”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Old Japanese

Etymology

From a pab- stem cognate with modern Japanese 阻む (habamu, “to prevent, thwart”).

Verb

憚る (pabakaru) (kana はばか​る)

  1. (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4372:
      , text here
      ...阿良志乎母多志夜波婆可流不破乃世伎久江弖和波由久...
      ...arasi wo mo tasi pabakaru Pupa-no2-seki1 kuyete wa pa yuku...
      Will a wild man hesitate to stand? Across the barrier of Fuwa I go.
  2. (transitive) to beware of, be wary of
    • 720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Nintoku, fortieth year of reign [c. 353 CE], second month:
      ; Maeda-bon glosses
      然重二皇后之言一、亦敦二友于之義一而忍レ之勿レ罪
      But [the Emperor] was wary of the Empress’s words; out of respect for the rules of brotherhood, he was patient and did not punish [his son].

Derived terms
  • 行き憚る (yuki1pabakaru)

Descendants
  • Japanese: 憚る (habakaru)
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.