愚民

Chinese

		stupid	the people; nationality; citizen
trad. (愚民)		愚	民
simp. ^#(愚民)		愚	民

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yúmín

(Zhuyin): ㄩˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁴ man⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gû-bîn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yúmín
  - Zhuyin: ㄩˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yúmín
  - Wade–Giles: yü²-min²
  - Yale: yú-mín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yumin
  - Palladius: юйминь (jujminʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /y³⁵ min³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    愚民
    漁民／渔民
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jyu⁴ man⁴
  - Yale: yùh màhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁴ man⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yu⁴ men⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː²¹ mɐn²¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    愚民
    漁民／渔民
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gû-bîn
  - Tâi-lô: gû-bîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gu'biin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡu¹³⁻²² bin¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡu²³⁻³³ bin²³/

Middle Chinese: ngju mjin

Rime
Character	愚	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	虞俱切	彌鄰切
Baxter	ngju	mjin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨo/	/miɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋio/	/min/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋio/	/mjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋuə̆/	/min/
Li Rong	/ŋio/	/miĕn/
Wang Li	/ŋĭu/	/mĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯u/	/mi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yú	mín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu⁴	man⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ŋo min/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	民
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mín
Middle Chinese	‹ mjin ›
Old Chinese	/*mi[ŋ]/
English	people
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愚	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	15919	9130
Phonetic component	禺	民
Rime group	侯	眞
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime		民
Old Chinese	/*ŋo/	/*min/

Noun

愚民

ignorant people; the ignorant masses

Verb

愚民

to keep the people ignorant; to stultify the masses; to engage in obscurantism

Derived terms

愚民政策 (yúmín zhèngcè)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (愚民):

→ Japanese: 愚(ぐ)民(みん) (gumin)
→ Korean: 우민(愚民) (umin)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
愚	民
ぐ Grade: S	みん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ぐみん [gùmíń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɡɯ̟ᵝmʲĩɴ]

Noun

愚(ぐ)民(みん) • (gumin)

ignorant commoners

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
愚	民

Noun

愚民 • (umin) (hangeul 우민)

Hanja form^? of 우민 (“ignorant people; the ignorant masses”).

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