なり
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 也 (terminal form) 𬼂 (terminal form, cursive, obsolete) 𬻿 (terminal form, cursive, obsolete) |
/ni ari/ → /nari/
Contraction of older に (ni, case particle) + あり (ari, “to be, to exist”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [na̠ɾʲi]
Verb
なり • (nari)
- (Classical Japanese or literary) the classical copula “to be”, equivalent to modern Japanese である (de aru) or だ (da), or adjective particle な (na)
Usage notes
- Attaches to a nominal or the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of declinables.
- The 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the copula can be spelled in kanji as 也, 𬼂 or 𬻿.
- 恋は渾沌の隷也 (Koi wa Kaosu no Shimobe nari, “Love is a Servant of Chaos”)
- The kanji form is usually used to denote a sum of money, e.g. 二千円也 (nisen en nari).
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | なら | nara | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | に[1] なり[2] | ni nari | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | なり | nari | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | なる | naru | ||
| Realis (已然形) | なれ | nare | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | なれ | nare | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | ならず | narazu | ||
| Contrasting conjunction | なれど | naredo | ||
| Causal conjunction | なれば | nareba | ||
| Conditional conjunction | ならば | naraba | ||
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | なりき | nariki | ||
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | なりけり | narikeri | ||
| Adverbial | に | ni | ||
| [1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Derived terms
Particle
なり • (nari)
- Used when giving an example, without the implication that it might be the best or the only option
- 労働局になり相談したらどうですか？
- Rōdōkyoku ni nari sōdan shitara dō desu ka?
- What about consulting, for example, the Labor Bureau?
- 労働局になり相談したらどうですか？
- ... or ...
Derived terms
- 大なり小なり (dai nari shō nari, “more or less, to some extent”)
Etymology 3
From Old Japanese なり (nari).
Thought to be a contraction of 音 (na, the bound apophonic form of 音 (ne), "sound") + あり (ari, “to be”).[2]
Suffix
なり • (-nari) †-ri
- (Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating hearsay or conjecture based on what is heard: it sounds like; it is said that
- c. 935, 土佐日記
- 男もすなる日記といふものを、女もしてみむとて、するなり。
- Otoko mo sunaru nikki to ifu mono o, onna mo shite mimu tote, suru nari.
- The so-called diaries that men are said to write - now, a woman will try her hand at writing one.
- 男もすなる日記といふものを、女もしてみむとて、するなり。
- c. 935, 土佐日記
Usage notes
- This word is morphologically a clitic. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
- Attaches to the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of most inflectable words, but to the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of ラ行変格活用 (“ra-irregular”) verbs. In the latter case, the final る is usually omitted in writing, e.g. あなり (anari) instead of あるなり (arunari); this is interpreted as unwritten 撥音便 (hatsuonbin), so that あなり (anari) is read as あんなり (annari).[3]
- Conjectures based on something heard, as opposed to めり (meri) which conjectures based on something seen.
Conjugation
Etymology 4
| For pronunciation and definitions of なり – see the following entries. | ||
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| (This term, なり, is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as なり, see Category:Japanese kanji read as なり.) |
Etymology 5
Reading of various words.
References
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 102
- Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 232
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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