おる

Japanese

Etymology 1
Alternative spelling
居る

/woru/ → /oru/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE[1] in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling of 袁理 (⟨wori⟩). Also attested in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[2]

Listed in some sources[3][4] as derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) wi of verb wiru (modern いる (iru)) + ある (aru). The conjugation paradigm for woru is indeed the same as aru for Classical and Old Japanese. However, the resulting compounded *wiaru form would ordinarily become yaru or (w)eru via historical phonetic change, and the vowel shift to /o/ is unexplainable in this hypothesis.

Alternatively, from *wu + ari or *wo + ari, where *wu or *wo is the root of the verb wiru (modern いる (iru), and ari is the Old Japanese form of modern ある (aru).[5]

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "居る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 居る お​る [óꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 居れ お​れ [óꜜrè]
Key constructions
Passive 居られる おられ​る [òráréꜜrù]
Causative 居らせる おらせ​る [òráséꜜrù]
Potential 居れる おれ​る [òréꜜrù]
Volitional 居ろう おろ​ー [òróꜜò]
Negative 居らない おら​ない [òráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 居らなかった おら​なかった [òráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 居ります おりま​す [òrímáꜜsù]
Perfective 居った お​った [óꜜttà]
Conjunctive 居って お​って [óꜜttè]
Hypothetical conditional 居れば お​れば [óꜜrèbà]

Verb

おる • (oru) ←をる (woru)?intransitive godan (stem おり (ori), past おった (otta))

  1. (of animate objects) to exist, to be, to have
    むかしあるところに一人(ひとり)の欲(よく)ばりの坊(ぼう)さんがおりました。
    Mukashi aru tokoro ni hitori no yokubari no bōsan ga orimashita.
    Once upon a time, there was a greedy priest somewhere.
  2. (after a transitive verb in the て conjunctive form) to be (doing): indicates a progressive or continuous sense; the verb ending -ておる (-te oru) is often contracted to とる (-toru)
    ぼくは眼(め)をほそめて海(うみ)を見(み)ておった
    Boku wa me o hosomete umi o miteotta
    I was staring at the sea with a squinted eye
  3. (Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū, after a verb in the conjunctive form) to be (doing); a continuous sense; often transformed to よる (yoru)
    毎(まい)朝(あさ)、私(わたし)、観(かん)音(のん)様(さま)にお願(がん)を掛(か)けよるんじゃものきっと通(とお)るわ。
    Maiasa, watashi, Kannon-sama ni o-gan o kakeyoru n ja mono kitto tōru wa.
    Since I am making a wish to Kannon every morning, he will certainly pass his exams.
Usage notes
Conjugation
Conjugation of "おる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") おら ora
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") おり ori
Shūshikei ("terminal") おる oru
Rentaikei ("attributive") おる oru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") おれ ore
Meireikei ("imperative") おれ ore
Key constructions
Passive おられる orareru
Causative おらせる
おらす		 oraseru
orasu
Potential おれる oreru
Volitional おろう orō
Negative おらない oranai
Negative continuative おらず orazu
Formal おります orimasu
Perfective おった otta
Conjunctive おって otte
Hypothetical conditional おれば oreba
Classical conjugation of "をり" (ラ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) をらwora
Continuative (連用形) をりwori
Terminal (終止形) をりwori
Attributive (連体形) をるworu
Realis (已然形) をれwore
Imperative (命令形) をれwore
Key constructions
Negative をらずworazu
Contrasting conjunction をれどworedo
Causal conjunction をればworeba
Conditional conjunction をらばworaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) をりきworiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) をりけりworikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) をりつworitu
Perfect tense (natural event) をりぬworinu
Perfect-continuative tense をりたり[1]woritari
Volitional をらむworamu
[1]Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり.

Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of おる – see the following entries.
【折る】
[verb] to bend, to fold
【織る】
[verb] to weave
(This term, おる, is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as おる, see Category:Japanese kanji read as おる.)

(The following entries are uncreated: 下る, 愚る.)

References
  1. “居”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 886:
    , text here
  3. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge University Press, New York, →ISBN, page 351
  6. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  7. Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
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