Iron nanoparticle

Nanoscale iron particles are sub-micrometer particles of iron metal.[1] Due to their high catalytic activity, permanent magnetic properties, low toxicity, and strong adsorption capacity, iron-based nanoparticles are widely utilized in drug delivery, production of magnetic tapes (e.g., camcorders and backup tapes of computers[2]), gene therapy, and environmental remediation.[3]

Synthesis

Iron nanoparticles can be synthesized using two primary approaches: top-down and bottom-up methods.[4]

Top-down Methods

Top-down approaches create nanoparticles by breaking down larger bulk materials into smaller particles, including laser ablation and mechanical grinding.[3]

Bottom-up Methods

Bottom-up approaches involve the chemical and biological synthesis of iron nanoparticles from metal precursors (e.g., Fe(II) and Fe(III)).[3] This method is widely regarded as the most effective and commonly used strategy for nanoparticle preparation.[4] For example, iron nanoparticles can be chemically prepared by reducing Fe(II) or Fe(III) salts with sodium borohydride in an aqueous medium. This process can be described by the following equations:[5][6]

4 Fe3+ + 3 BH4− + 9 H2O → 4 Fe0↓ + 12 H+ + 6 H2 + 3 H2BO−      (1)
4 Fe2+ + 3 BH4− + 9 H2O → 4 Fe0↓ + 8 H+ + 8 H2 + 3 H2BO−      (2)

Properties

Iron nanoparticles are prone to oxidation when exposed to air and water.[3] This redox process can occur under both acidic and neutral/basic conditions:[7]

2 Fe0 + 4 H+ + O2 → 2 Fe2+ + 2 H2O      (3)
Fe0 + 2 H2O → Fe2+ + H2 + 2 OH−      (4)

Application in Environmental Remediation

Research has shown that nanoscale iron particles can be effectively used to treat several forms of ground contamination, including grounds contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated organic solvents, and organochlorine pesticides. Nanoscale iron particles are easily transportable through ground water, allowing for in situ treatment. Additionally, the nanoparticle-water slurry can be injected into the contaminated area and stay there for long periods of time.[8] These factors combine to make this method cheaper than the most currently used alternative.

Researchers have found that although metallic iron nanoparticles remediate contaminants well, they tend to agglomerate on the soil surfaces. In response, carbon nanoparticles and water-soluble polyelectrolytes have been used as supports for the metallic iron nanoparticles. The hydrophobic contaminants adsorb to these supports, improving permeability in sand and soil.[8]

In field tests have generally confirmed lab findings. However, research is still ongoing and nanoscale iron particles are not yet commonly used for treating ground contamination.

Application in Biomedicine

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have widespread applications in biomedicine, including their use in magnetic resonance imaging and cancer therapy via magnetic hyperthermia[9][10]

In addition to these applications, IONPs exhibit strong antibacterial activity and have been explored for drug and viral vector delivery to target cells.[11] Known microorganisms susceptible to the toxic effects of IONPs include Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp.) and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus sp. and Corynebacterium sp.) [11].

The antibacterial activity of IONPs is primarily attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a mechanism similar to the Fenton reaction.[11] Specifically, Fe2+ ions react with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), producing Fe3+ ions and hydroxyl radicals.[12] These highly reactive species induce oxidative damage to bacterial DNA, ultimately leading to cell death.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Huber, Dale L. (May 2005). "Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Iron Nanoparticles". Small. 1 (5): 482–501. doi:10.1002/smll.200500006. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 17193474.
  2. ↑ "Iron Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications". Nanografi Advanced Materials. Retrieved 2025-04-12.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Xu, Weihua; Yang, Ting; Liu, Shaobo; Du, Li; Chen, Qiang; Li, Xin; Dong, Jie; Zhang, Zhuang; Lu, Sihui; Gong, Youzi; Zhou, Liang; Liu, Yunguo; Tan, Xiaofei (2022-01-01). "Insights into the Synthesis, types and application of iron Nanoparticles: The overlooked significance of environmental effects". Environment International. 158: 106980. Bibcode:2022EnInt.15806980X. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106980. ISSN 0160-4120.
  4. 1 2 Saif, Sadia; Tahir, Arifa; Chen, Yongsheng (November 2016). "Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Applications and Implications". Nanomaterials. 6 (11): 209. doi:10.3390/nano6110209. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC 5245755. PMID 28335338.
  5. ↑ Wang, Chuan-Bao; Zhang, Wei-xian (1997-07-01). "Synthesizing Nanoscale Iron Particles for Rapid and Complete Dechlorination of TCE and PCBs". Environmental Science & Technology. 31 (7): 2154–2156. Bibcode:1997EnST...31.2154W. doi:10.1021/es970039c. ISSN 0013-936X.
  6. ↑ Ponder, Sherman M.; Darab, John G.; Mallouk, Thomas E. (2000-06-01). "Remediation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) Aqueous Solutions Using Supported, Nanoscale Zero-valent Iron". Environmental Science & Technology. 34 (12): 2564–2569. Bibcode:2000EnST...34.2564P. doi:10.1021/es9911420. ISSN 0013-936X.
  7. ↑ Dickinson, Michelle; Scott, Thomas B. (2010-06-15). "The application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the remediation of a uranium-contaminated waste effluent". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 178 (1): 171–179. Bibcode:2010JHzM..178..171D. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.060. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 20129731.
  8. 1 2 Zhang, Wei-xian (2003). "Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview". Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 5 (3/4): 323–332. Bibcode:2003JNR.....5..323Z. doi:10.1023/A:1025520116015.
  9. ↑ Espinosa, Ana; Di Corato, Riccardo; Kolosnjaj-Tabi, Jelena; Flaud, Patrice; Pellegrino, Teresa; Wilhelm, Claire (2016-02-23). "Duality of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Amplification of Heating Efficiency by Magnetic Hyperthermia and Photothermal Bimodal Treatment". ACS Nano. 10 (2): 2436–2446. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07249. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 26766814.
  10. ↑ Liu, Jia; Xu, Jie; Zhou, Jun; Zhang, Yu; Guo, Dajing; Wang, Zhigang (2017-02-09). "Fe3O4-based PLGA nanoparticles as MR contrast agents for the detection of thrombosis". International Journal of Nanomedicine. 12: 1113–1126. doi:10.2147/IJN.S123228. PMC 5310639. PMID 28223802.
  11. 1 2 3 V., Gudkov, Sergey; E., Burmistrov, Dmitriy; A., Serov, Dmitriy; B., Rebezov, Maksim; A., Semenova, Anastasia; B., Lisitsyn, Andrey (July 2021). "Do Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Have Significant Antibacterial Properties?". Antibiotics. 10 (7). doi:10.3390/antibiotic (inactive 12 April 2025). ISSN 2079-6382. Archived from the original on 2025-03-04.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2025 (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Groiss, Silvia; Selvaraj, Raja; Varadavenkatesan, Thivaharan; Vinayagam, Ramesh (2017-01-15). "Structural characterization, antibacterial and catalytic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesised using the leaf extract of Cynometra ramiflora". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1128: 572–578. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.09.031. ISSN 0022-2860.
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