Polyneoptera
Some representatives
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
(unranked): Dicondylia
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Cohort: Polyneoptera
Martynov, 1938
Orders
Synonyms
  • Dermapterida
  • Gryllones
  • Mystroptera
  • Orthoptères
  • Orthopteroid Orders
  • Orthopteroidea
  • Paurometabola
  • Polyneopterata
  • Polyorthoptera
  • Polyplecoptera
  • Plecopterida
  • Plecopterodea

The cohort Polyneoptera[1][2] is a proposed taxonomic ranking for the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no metamorphosis, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.[3]

Taxonomy

The Polyneoptera Species File lists the following:[4]

Superorder Dictyoptera

Superorder Orthopterida

Synonyms include: Archaeorthoptera, Gryllidea, Orthopterodea, Orthopterodida, Orthopteroidea, Panorthoptera

  • †Caloneurodea
  • †Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida)[5][6]
  • †Geraroptera
  • Orthoptera – 2 extant suborders:
    • Caelifera – grasshoppers, groundhoppers, pygmy mole-crickets
    • Ensifera – crickets, mole-crickets, katydids or bush crickets, camel crickets, wetas, etc.
  • †Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic
  • order Incertae sedis
    • family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911
    • family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890
    • family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
    • family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885
    • genus †Chenxiella Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
    • genus †Lobeatta Béthoux, 2005
    • genus †Longzhua Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011
    • genus †Nectoptilus Béthoux, 2005
    • genus †Sinopteron Prokop & Ren, 2007

Stem-Phasmatodea

  • †family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968
  • †family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980
  • †family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918
  • † family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968
  • † family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928
  • Phasmatodea – stick and leaf insects

Superorder not placed

Phylogeny

The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:[8]

Polyneoptera

Zoraptera (angel insects)

Dermaptera (earwigs)

Plecoptera (stoneflies)

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)

Grylloblattodea (ice crawlers)

Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)

Phasmatodea (stick insects)

Embioptera (webspinners)

Dictyoptera

Mantodea (mantises)

Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Martynov, AV (1938). "Studies on the geological history and phylogeny of the orders of insects (Pterygota)". Tr. Paleont. Inst. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 7 (4): 70.
  2. ↑ Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
  3. ↑ Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  4. ↑ Polyneoptera, Species File (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 5 September 2020)
  5. ↑ Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.J. (2021). "A new representative of the "orthopteroid" insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3): 641–646. doi:10.4202/app.00879.2021.
  6. ↑ Aristov, D. (2014). "Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa". Far Eastern Entomologist. 277: 1–46.
  7. ↑ Yang, Hongru; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong; Gao, Taiping (January 2022). Labandeira, Conrad (ed.). "Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1). doi:10.1002/spp2.1402. ISSN 2056-2799.
  8. ↑ Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116. PMC 6386694. PMID 30642969.
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