Brazil has a multi-party system since 1979, when the country's military dictatorship disbanded an enforced two-party system and allowed the creation of multiple parties.[1]

Above the broad range of political parties in Brazilian Congress, the Workers' Party (PT), the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), the Liberal Party (PL), the Progressives (PP) and the Brazil Union (UNIÃO) together control the absolute majority of seats in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies.[2] Smaller parties often make alliances with at least one of these five major parties.[3] The number of political parties reached 35 on its apex on 2018.[4][5][6] However, an electoral threshold introduced on 2017 has resulted in the culling and merger of many parties, as it cuts access to party subsidies and free party political broadcasts.[4][7]

Brazilian parties have access to party subsidies in form of the Fundo Partidário (lit. 'Party Fund') and the Fundo Eleitoral (lit. 'Electoral Fund') for elections.[8] And a system of free party political broadcasts during election time known as the horário eleitoral gratuito.[9]

Since 1982, Brazilian political parties have been given an electoral number to make it easier for illiterate people to vote. Initially, it was a one-digit number: 1 for PDS, 2 for PDT, 3 for PT, 4 for PTB, and 5 for PMDB. When it became clear that there was going to be more than nine parties, two-digit numbers were assigned, with the first five parties having a "1" added to their former one-digit number (PDS becoming number 11, PDT 12, PT 13, PTB 14, and PMDB 15). Political parties often change their names; however, they can retain their number.

Active political parties

The 29 political parties registered with the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) are listed below by number of affiliates.

Parties represented in the National Congress

Party Abbr. Ideology Spectrum Leader(s) Federal
Senate		 Chamber of
Deputies		 Affiliates
(Aug. 2023)
Brazilian Democratic Movement
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro		 MDB Big tent
Economic liberalism		 Centre to centre-right Baleia Rossi
11 / 81
43 / 513
 2,040,164
Workers' Party
Partido dos Trabalhadores		 PT Social democracy
Progressivism
Lulism		 Centre-left to left-wing Gleisi Hoffmann
Lula da Silva
8 / 81
68 / 513
 1,605,466
Democratic Renewal Party
Partido Renovação Democrática		 PRD National conservatism
Christian right
Right-wing populism		 Right-wing to far-right Ovasco Resende
0 / 81
5 / 513
 1,356,149[lower-alpha 1]
Brazilian Social Democracy Party
Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira		 PSDB Social liberalism
Economic liberalism		 Centre (with centre-left to centre-right factions) Eduardo Leite
2 / 81
14 / 513
 1,310,060
Progressives
Progressistas		 PP Conservative liberalism Centre-right to right-wing Ciro Nogueira
6 / 81
50 / 513
 1,272,645
Democratic Labour Party
Partido Democrático Trabalhista		 PDT Social democracy
Left-wing nationalism
Labourism		 Centre-left to left-wing André Figueiredo
Carlos Lupi
3 / 81
18 / 513
 1,106,481
Brazil Union
União Brasil		 UNIÃO Liberal conservatism Centre-right Luciano Bivar
8 / 81
59 / 513
 1,047,575
We Can
Podemos		 PODE Anti-corruption
Direct democracy
Third Way		 Centre-right Renata Abreu
7 / 81
15 / 513
 802,860
Liberal Party
Partido Liberal		 PL Social conservatism
Economic liberalism
Right-wing populism		 Right-wing to far-right Valdemar Costa Neto
Jair Bolsonaro
11 / 81
97 / 513
 759,861
Brazilian Socialist Party
Partido Socialista Brasileiro		 PSB Social democracy
Progressivism		 Centre-left Carlos Siqueira
4 / 81
15 / 513
 619,605
Republicans
Republicanos		 — Conservatism
Economic liberalism		 Right-wing Marcos Pereira
4 / 81
41 / 513
 493,050
Citizenship
Cidadania		 — Social liberalism Centre Comte Bittencourt
0 / 81
4 / 513
 438,218
Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrático		 PSD Big tent Centre to centre-right Gilberto Kassab
15 / 81
43 / 513
 401,975
Communist Party of Brazil
Partido Comunista do Brasil		 PCdoB Communism
Marxism-Leninism		 Far-left Luciana Santos
0 / 81
7 / 513
 397,270
Solidarity
Solidariedade		 — Social democracy
Humanism		 Centre to centre-left Eurípedes Júnior
0 / 81
4 / 513
 377,262
Green Party
Partido Verde		 PV Green politics Centre-left José Luiz Penna
0 / 81
6 / 513
 352,410
Socialism and Liberty Party
Partido Socialismo e Liberdade		 PSOL Democratic socialism
Left-wing populism
Eco-socialism		 Left-wing to far-left Paula Coradi
0 / 81
13 / 513
 291,201
Forward
Avante		 — Labourism
Brazilian nationalism
Christian solidarism		 Centre Luis Tibé
0 / 81
7 / 513
 215,160
Sustainability Network
Rede Sustentabilidade		 REDE Environmentalism Centre-left Heloísa Helena
Wesley Diógenes
0 / 81
1 / 513
 41,916
New Party
Partido Novo		 NOVO Classical liberalism Right-wing Eduardo Ribeiro
1 / 81
3 / 513
 30,669

Unrepresented parties

Party Abbr. Ideology Spectrum Leader(s) Affiliates
(Aug. 2023)
National Mobilization Party
Partido da Mobilização Nacional		 PMN Social democracy
Democratic socialism
Left-wing nationalism		 Centre-left to left-wing Antonio Massarollo 204,097
Act
Agir		 — Autistic people's interests Centre Daniel Tourinho 191,744
Christian Democracy
Democracia Cristã		 DC Christian democracy Centre-right José Maria Eymael 172,720
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
Partido Renovador Trabalhista Brasileiro		 PRTB National conservatism
Social conservatism
Economic liberalism
Janismo		 Right-wing to far-right John dos Santos 143,844
Brazilian Woman's Party
Partido da Mulher Brasileira		 PMB Social conservatism
Anti-feminism
Anti-abortion		 Right-wing Suêd Haidar 48,010
United Socialist Workers' Party
Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado		 PSTU Trotskyism Far-left Zé Maria 15,117
Brazilian Communist Party
Partido Comunista Brasileiro		 PCB Marxism-Leninism Far-left Edmilson Costa 12,313
Popular Unity
Unidade Popular		 UP Revolutionary socialism Left-wing to far-left Léo Péricles 6,706
Workers' Cause Party
Partido da Causa Operária		 PCO Trotskyism Far-left Rui Costa Pimenta 4,772

Unregistered parties

Party Abbr. Ideology Spectrum Leader(s)
Revolutionary Communist Party
Partido Comunista Revolucionário		 PCR Marxism-Leninism
Hoxhaism		 Far-left
Libertarians Party
Partido Libertários		 LIBER Right-libertarianism
Anarcho-capitalism		 Right-wing André Rufino

Historical parties

Imperial Brazil (1822–1889)

Party Ideology Active
Liberal Party
Partido Liberal		 Classical liberalism
Parliamentarism
Federalism		 1831–1889
Ragamuffin Party[10]
Partido Farroupilha		 Riograndense separatism
Riograndense nationalism
Republicanism
Federalism		 1832–1845
Conservative Party
Partido Conservador		 Conservatism
Classical liberalism
Parliamentarism
Centralism		 1836–1889
Progressive League
Liga Progressista		 Progressivism
Radicalism		 1862–1868

First Republic and Vargas Era (1889–1945)

Party Abbr. Ideology Active Note
Paulista Republican Party
Partido Republicano Paulista		 PRP Republicanism
Federalism[11]
Secularism[11]
Milk coffee politics[12]		 1873–1937
Catholic Party
Partido Católico		 — Political Catholicism[13]
Anti-liberalism[13]		 1874–1911
Rio-grandense Republican Party
Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense		 PRR Republicanism
Federalism[14]
Positivism[14]		 1882–1937
Minas Republican Party
Partido Republicano Mineiro		 PRM Republicanism
Federalism[15]
Milk coffee politics[12]		 1888–1937
Fluminense Republican Party
Partido Republicano Fluminense		 PRF Republicanism
Federalism[16]
Regionalism[16]		 1888–1937
Federalist Party
Partido Federalista		 — Liberalism
Parliamentarism[17]
Federalism[17]		 1892–1928 Succeeded by the Liberator Party.[18]
Federal Republican Party
Partido Republicano Federal		 PRF Big tent[19]
Republicanism
Federalism[19]		 1893–1897
Conservative Republican Party
Partido Republicano Conservador		 PRC Federalism[20]
Conservatism		 1910–1915
Workers' and Peasants' Bloc
Bloco Operário e Camponês		 BOC Communism 1927–1930 Political-electoral group created by the Brazilian Communist Party.[21]
Liberator Party
Partido Libertador		 PL Liberalism
Federalism		 1928–1937 Reestablished in 1945.[18]
Brazilian Black Front
Frente Negra Brasileira		 FNB Afro-Brazilians' interests
Ultranationalism		 1931–1938
Brazilian Integralist Action
Ação Integralista Brasileira		 AIB Brazilian Integralism 1932–1937 Succeeded by the Popular Representation Party.
Brazilian Socialist Party
Partido Socialista Brasileiro		 PSB Socialism[22]
Syndicalism[22]		 1932–1937

Fourth Republic (1946–1964)

Party Abbr. Ideology Active Note
National Democratic Union
União Democrática Nacional		 UDN Conservatism[23]
Classical liberalism[23]
Anti-Getulism[23]		 1945–1965
Brazilian Labour Party
Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro		 PTB Labourism
Brazilian nationalism
Economic nationalism
Populism		 1945–1965
Orienting Labour Party
Partido Orientador Trabalhista		 POT Labourism[24] 1945–1951
Christian Democratic Party
Partido Democrata Cristão		 PDC Christian democracy
Political Catholicism[25]		 1945–1965
Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrático		 PSD Labourism[26] 1945–1965
Republican Party
Partido Republicano		 PR Social liberalism[27] 1945–1965 Split from the National Democratic Union.
Democratic Republican Party
Partido Republicano Democrático		 PRD 1945–1948 Succeeded by the Republican Labour Party.[28]
Progressive Republican Party
Partido Republicano Progressista		 PRP 1945–1946 Merged with the National Agrarian Party and the Popular Syndicalist Party to form the Social Progressive Party.[29]
National Agrarian Party
Partido Agrário Nacional		 PAN 1945–1946 Merged with the Popular Syndicalist Party and the Progressive Republican Party to form the Social Progressive Party.[30]
Popular Representation Party
Partido da Representação Popular		 PRP Brazilian Integralism[31] 1945–1965
Popular Syndicalist Party
Partido Popular Sindicalista		 PPS Syndicalism[32] 1945–1946 Merged with the National Agrarian Party and the Progressive Republican Party to form the Social Progressive Party.
National Labour Party
Partido Trabalhista Nacional		 PTN Labourism[33]
Janismo[33]		 1945–1965
Liberator Party
Partido Libertador		 PL Parliamentarism[18]
Economic liberalism[18]		 1945–1965
Social Progressive Party
Partido Social Progressista		 PSP Conservatism[34]
Populism[34]		 1946–1965 Merger of the National Agrarian Party, the Progressive Republican Party, and the Popular Syndicalist Party.
Proletarian Party of Brazil
Partido Proletário do Brasil

Social Labour Party
Partido Social Trabalhista

 PPB

PST

 Labourism[35]
Populism[35]		 1946–1947

1947–1965
Brazilian Socialist Party
Partido Socialista Brasileiro		 PSB Democratic socialism[36]
Labourism[36]		 1947–1965
Republican Labour Party
Partido Republicano Trabalhista

Rural Labour Party
Partido Rural Trabalhista

 PRT Labourism[37] 1948–1958

1958–1965
Renewal Labour Movement
Movimento Trabalhista Renovador		 MTR Labourism
Liberalism
Dirigism
CST		 1960–1965 Split from the Brazilian Labour Party.[38]

Bipartisanship in Brazil (1966–1979)

Party Abbr. Ideology Active Note
National Renewal Alliance
Aliança Renovadora Nacional		 ARENA Authoritarianism[39]
Conservatism[40]
Anti-communism[41]		 1966–1979 Succeeded by the Democratic Social Party.
Brazilian Democratic Movement
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro		 MDB Democratization[42]
Big tent		 1966–1979 Succeeded by the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement.

Return of the multiparty system (1979–)

Party Abbr. Ideology Active Note
Popular Party
Partido Popular		 PP Progressivism[43]
Brazilian nationalism[43]		 1979–1982 Incorporated into the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement.
Democratic Social Party
Partido Democrático Social		 PDS Liberal conservatism[44] 1980–1993 Merged with the Christian Democratic Party to form the Reform Progressive Party.
Brazilian Labour Party
Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro		 PTB National conservatism
Right-wing populism
Historical:
Labourism		 1981–2023 Merged with Patriota to form the Democratic Renewal Party.
Municipalist Community Party
Partido Municipalista Comunitário		 PMC Cooperative economics[45] 1984–1990
Democratic Nationalist Party
Partido Nacionalista Democrático		 PND Evangelicals' interests[46] 1984–?
Humanist Party
Partido Humanista		 PH Humanism[47]
Pacifism[48]
Democratic socialism[47]		 1984–1991
Liberal Front Party
Partido da Frente Liberal

Democrats
Democratas

 PFL

DEM

 Liberal conservatism
Classical liberalism		 1985–2007

2007–2022

 Split from the Democratic Social Party. Merged with the Social Liberal Party to form the Brazil Union.
Brazilian People's Party
Partido do Povo Brasileiro		 PPB Parliamentarism[49]
Economic liberalism[49]		 1985–1990
Christian Democratic Party
Partido Democrata Cristão		 PDC Christian democracy
Third Way[50]		 1985–1993 Merged with the Democratic Social Party to form the Reform Progressive Party.
Social Christian Party
Partido Social Cristão		 PSC Christian right
Christian democracy		 1985–2023 Incorporated into Podemos.
Nationalist Party
Partido Nacionalista		 PN Brazilian nationalism[51]
Anti-communism[51]		 1985–1990
Brazilian Municipalist Party
Partido Municipalista Brasileiro		 PMB Municipalism[52] 1985–1990
Agrarian Socialist and Labour Renewal Party
Partido Socialista Agrário e Renovador Trabalhista		 PASART Agrarian socialism[53]
Democratic socialism[53]
Labourism[53]		 1985–1992
Liberal Party
Partido Liberal		 PL Social liberalism[54]
Economic liberalism[54]		 1985–2006 Merged with the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order to form the Party of the Republic.
Independent Democratic Party
Partido Democrático Independente		 PDI Brazilian nationalism[55] 1985–1990
National Tancredist Party
Partido Tancredista Nacional

National Labour Party
Partido Trabalhista Nacional

 PTN Tancredism[56]
Decentralization[56]
Direct democracy[56]		 1985–1986

1986–1997

 Split from the Democratic Labour Party.
Labour Reform Party
Partido Reformador Trabalhista		 PRT Economic liberalism[57] 1985–?
Socialist Party
Partido Socialista		 PS Democratic socialism[58]
Parliamentarism[58]		 1985–1990 Split from the Democratic Labour Party.
Renewal Labour Party
Partido Trabalhista Renovador		 PTR Labourism 1985–1993 Merged with the Social Labour Party to form the Progressive Party.
Progressive Renewal Party
Partido Renovador Progressista		 PRP Progressivism[59]
Social liberalism[59]		 1985–?
National Community Party
Partido Comunitário Nacional		 PCN Communitarianism
Christian democracy[60]		 1985–1991
Party of the New Republic
Partido da Nova República		 PNR Social capitalism[61] 1985–1986
Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrático		 PSD 1987–2003 Incorporated into the Brazilian Labour Party.
Progressive Republican Party
Partido Republicano Progressista		 PRP Conservatism 1988–2019 Incorporated into Patriota.
Retirees' National Party of Brazil
Partido Nacional dos Aposentados do Brasil		 PNAB Retirees' interests 1988–1990 Split from the Retirees' National Party.
Social Labour Party
Partido Social Trabalhista		 PST 1988–1993 Merged with the Renewal Labour Party to form the Progressive Party. Reestablished in 1993.
Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order
Partido de Reedificação da Ordem Nacional		 PRONA National conservatism[62]
Economic nationalism
Social conservatism[63]		 1989–2006 Merged with the Liberal Party to form the Party of the Republic.
Socialist Front Party
Partido da Frente Socialista		 PFS Revolutionary socialism
Trotskyism		 1991–? Joined the United Socialist Workers' Party.[64]
Progressive Party
Partido Progressista		 PP Conservatism 1993–1995 Merger of the Social Labour Party and the Renewal Labour Party. Merged with the Reform Progressive Party to form the Brazilian Progressive Party.
Reform Progressive Party
Partido Progressista Reformador		 PPR Liberal conservatism
Christian democracy		 1993–1995 Merger of the Democratic Social Party and the Christian Democratic Party. Merged with the Progressive Party to form the Brazilian Progressive Party.
Social Labour Party
Partido Social Trabalhista		 PST 1993–2003 Incorporated into the Liberal Party.
Workers' General Party
Partido Geral dos Trabalhadores		 PGT 1993–2003 Incorporated into the Liberal Party.
Social Liberal Party
Partido Social Liberal		 PSL National conservatism
Economic liberalism
Right-wing populism
Historical:
Social liberalism		 1994–2022 Merged with the Democrats to form the Brazil Union.
National Solidarity Party
Partido da Solidariedade Nacional

Humanist Party of Solidarity
Partido Humanista da Solidariedade

 PSN

PHS

 Christian humanism[65]
Distributism[65]		 1995–2000

2000–2019

 Incorporated into Podemos.
Party of the Nation's Retirees
Partido dos Aposentados da Nação		 PAN Retirees' interests 1995–2006 Incorporated into the Brazilian Labour Party.
Free Fatherland Party
Partido Pátria Livre		 PPL Scientific socialism[66]
Left-wing nationalism[66]
Labourism[66]		 2009–2019 Incorporated into the Communist Party of Brazil.
Republican Party of the Social Order
Partido Republicano da Ordem Social		 PROS Big tent[67] 2010–2023 Incorporated into Solidarity.
National Ecological Party
Partido Ecológico Nacional

Patriot
Patriota

 PEN

—

 Green conservatism

National conservatism
Christian right
Anti-communism

 2011–2017

2017–2023

 Merged with the Brazilian Labour Party to form the Democratic Renewal Party.
Alliance for Brazil
Aliança pelo Brasil		 ALIANÇA Right-wing populism
National conservatism
Christian right		 2019–2022 Unregistered party organized by Jair Bolsonaro.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The combined membership of the Brazilian Labour Party and Patriota.

References

  1. ↑ Sousa, Ana Cristina Augusto de; Silva, Lays Correa da (6 August 2021). "Redemocratização no Brasil: continuidade ou ruptura?". Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) (in Portuguese). 22 (47): 570–575. doi:10.1590/2237-101X02204713. ISSN 1518-3319. S2CID 238849517.
  2. ↑ Freedom House report on Brazil, 2007
  3. ↑ "Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados". tse.jus.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Número de partidos na Câmara deve cair após ápice da fragmentação em 2018". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  5. ↑ "Brasil tem 75 partidos políticos em processo de formação".
  6. ↑ "Brasil vai às urnas em outubro com 35 partidos". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  7. ↑ "Perspectiva é de fusão entre partidos". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  8. ↑ Fundo Partidário (estudo) Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. Por Miriam Campelo de Melo Amorim. Brasília: Biblioteca Digital da Câmara dos Deputados, outubro de 2005.
  9. ↑ "L9504". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  10. ↑ Flores, Moacyr (2002). República Rio-Grandense: realidade e utopia (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Pontifícia Univ. Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. ISBN 8574303100.
  11. 1 2 Ramos, Plínio de Abreu. "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO PAULISTA (PRP)" (PDF). FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  12. 1 2 "The Rise of the Military in Politics: From the Old Republic to Estado Novo". Brown University Library. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  13. 1 2 Setemy, Adrianna. "PARTIDO CATÓLICO" (PDF). FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  14. 1 2 Abreu, Alzira Alves de. "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO RIO-GRANDENSE (PRR)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  15. ↑ Calicchio, Vera. "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO MINEIRO (PRM)" (PDF). FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  16. 1 2 Abreu, Alzira Alves de. "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO FLUMINENSE (PRF)" (PDF). FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  17. 1 2 Franco, Sérgio da Costa. Cadernos de História: Memorial do Rio Grande do Sul, Nº 13 (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Leal, Carlos Eduardo. "PARTIDO LIBERTADOR (PL- 1945-1965)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  19. 1 2 Setemy, Adrianna. "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO FEDERAL (PRF)" (PDF). FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  20. ↑ Setemy, Adrianna. "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO CONSERVADOR (PRC)" (PDF). FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  21. ↑ Karepovs, Dainis. "BLOCO OPERÁRIO E CAMPONÊS (BOC)" (PDF). FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  22. 1 2 "PARTIDO SOCIALISTA BRASILEIRO (PSB- 1932 - 1937)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  23. 1 2 3 Benevides, Maria Vitória. "UNIÃO DEMOCRÁTICA NACIONAL (UDN)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  24. ↑ "Partido Orientador Trabalhista" (PDF). Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). São Paulo. 10 August 1950. p. 4. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  25. ↑ Ferreira, Marieta de Morais; Flaksman, Dora. "PARTIDO DEMOCRATA CRISTÃO (1945)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  26. ↑ "Partido Social Democrático (PSD)". JK CPDOC (in Portuguese). 16 July 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  27. ↑ Leal, Carlos Eduardo. "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO (PR)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  28. ↑ "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO DEMOCRÁTICO". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  29. ↑ "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO PROGRESSISTA (PRP- 1945)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  30. ↑ "PARTIDO AGRÁRIO NACIONAL". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  31. ↑ Brandi, Paulo. "SALGADO, Plínio". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  32. ↑ "PARTIDO POPULAR SINDICALISTA (PPS)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  33. 1 2 Ferreira, Marieta de Morais. "PARTIDO TRABALHISTA NACIONAL (PTN)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  34. 1 2 Faria, Antônio Augusto da Costa. "PARTIDO SOCIAL PROGRESSISTA (PSP- 1946)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  35. 1 2 Ferreira, Marieta de Morais. "PARTIDO SOCIAL TRABALHISTA (PST- 1947-1965)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  36. 1 2 Ferreira, Marieta de Morais. "PARTIDO SOCIALISTA BRASILEIRO (1947-1965)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  37. ↑ "PARTIDO REPUBLICANO TRABALHISTA (PRT)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  38. ↑ Leal, Carlos Eduardo. "MOVIMENTO TRABALHISTA RENOVADOR (MTR)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  39. ↑ Júnior, Olavo Brasil de Lima. "ALIANÇA RENOVADORA NACIONAL (Arena)". Atlas Histórico do Brasil - FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  40. ↑ Bigeli, Alexandre. "Golpe militar de 1964: elites e militares derrubaram o governo de Jango". Uol (in Brazilian Portuguese). São Paulo. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  41. ↑ Sousa, Isaac Silva de (2018). "A ARENA e a implantação do bipartidarismo no Brasil (1964-1968): o partido do "sim, senhor" também disse não" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brasília. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  42. ↑ "História". Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  43. 1 2 Couto, André. "Partido Popular, PP". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  44. ↑ Figueira, Paulo. "PARTIDO DEMOCRÁTICO SOCIAL (PDS)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  45. ↑ "PARTIDO MUNICIPALISTA COMUNITÁRIO (PMC)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  46. ↑ "Informe JB". Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). 24 November 1984. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  47. 1 2 Muszynski, Judith (June 1985). "Qualé a do Partido Humanista". Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política (in Portuguese). 2 (1): 74–78 – via SciELO.
  48. ↑ "PARTIDO HUMANISTA (PH)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  49. 1 2 "PARTIDO DO POVO BRASILEIRO (PPB)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  50. ↑ Guanabara, Ricardo. "PARTIDO DEMOCRATA CRISTÃO (PDC- 1985-1993)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  51. 1 2 "PARTIDO NACIONALISTA (PN)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  52. ↑ Reis, Alessandra V. "PARTIDO MUNICIPALISTA BRASILEIRO (PMB)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  53. 1 2 3 "PARTIDO SOCIALISTA AGRÁRIO E RENOVADOR TRABALHISTA (Pasart)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  54. 1 2 Valle, Alvaro. "Liberalismo social". Instituto Fundação Alvaro Valle (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  55. ↑ "PARTIDO DEMOCRÁTICO INDEPENDENTE (PDI)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  56. 1 2 3 "PARTIDO TRABALHISTA NACIONAL (PTN-2)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  57. ↑ "PARTIDO REFORMADOR TRABALHISTA (PRT)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  58. 1 2 "PARTIDO SOCIALISTA (PS)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  59. 1 2 "PARTIDO RENOVADOR PROGRESSISTA (PRP)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese).
  60. ↑ "PARTIDO COMUNITARIO NACIONAL (PCN)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  61. ↑ "PARTIDO DA NOVA REPÚBLICA (PNR)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  62. ↑ Lopes, Guilherme Esteves Galpão. "Enéas Carneio e o PRONA: nacionalismo e conservadorismo no Brasil pós-ditadura militar". Revista Dia-logos (in Portuguese). 10 (2): 11–20. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  63. ↑ Ryff, Luiz Antonio (21 July 1998). "Campeão da rejeição, Enéas prega moralidade". Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  64. ↑ "Os radicais estão chegando". Jornal do Brasil. 12 April 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  65. 1 2 Jorge, Vladimyr Lombardo. "PARTIDO HUMANISTA da SOLIDARIEDADE (PHS)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  66. 1 2 3 Manifesto à Nação (PDF) (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Instituto Fundação Claudio Campos. 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  67. ↑ Bragon, Ranier (26 September 2013). "'Tem de tudo aqui dentro', afirma fundador do Pros". Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Brasília. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
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